History of Genetics (briefly).

Biology - the volume is very science that covers all aspects of the life of every living being, from the structure of its microstructures inside the body and ending communication with the external environment and the cosmos.That is why the sections have a lot of discipline.However, one of the youngest, but looking now and having a particularly important is genetics.It originated later than the others, but has managed to become the most relevant, important and volume of science, which has its own goals, objectives and object of study.Consider what the history of genetics and what this branch of biology.

Genetics: the subject and object of study

The name of science was only in 1906 at the suggestion of the Englishman Bateson.Definition of it can be given as follows: it is a discipline that studies the mechanisms of heredity and its variability in different species of living beings.Therefore, the main objective is to elucidate the genetic structure of the agencies responsible for the transmission of hereditary characteristics, and study the essence of the process.

objects of study are:

• plants;
• animals;
• bacteria;
• mushrooms;
• people.

Thus, it covers all the attention of the kingdom of nature, do not forget any of the representatives.However, to date the most put on a stream of research is the simplest single-celled creatures, all on genetics experiments conducted on them, as well as bacteria.

To arrive at the results available now, the history of genetics has come a long and thorny path.At various times she was subjected to the intensive development, the complete oblivion.However, in the end everything will get its rightful place among the family of biological disciplines.

brief history of the development of genetics

To characterize the major milestones of becoming considered a branch of biology, should contact the not so distant past.It takes its origin from the genetics of the XIX century.But the official date of its origin as a completely separate discipline is considered to be 1900.

way, if we talk quite already about the origins, it should be noted that attempts to plant breeding, crossbreeding animals a long time ago.After all, this was done by farmers and herders in the XV century.Just happened is not from a scientific point of view.

Table "History of Genetics" will help to master its main historical moments of formation.

The table above summarizes the history of the development of genetics displayed.Next, we consider in more detail the main discoveries from different periods.

main opening of the XIX century

main work of this period was the work of three scientists from different countries:

• Holland G. de Vries - the study of inheritance of characteristics in hybrids of different generations;
• K. Correns in Germany - has done the same in the case of maize;
• Austria K. Cermak - Mendel repeated the experiments on sowing peas.

All these findings were based on written 35 years earlier works of Gregor Mendel, who spent many years of research and the results recorded in scientific works.However, these data do not arouse the interest of his contemporaries.

At the same time the history of development of genetics includes a number of discoveries for the study of germ cells of humans and animals.It is proved that some of the attributes that are inherited, fixed unchanged.Others are specific to each organism and act the result of adaptation to environmental conditions.The work was carried Strasburger, Chistyakov, Flemming and others.

development of science in the XX century

Since the official date of birth is 1900, it is not surprising that in the XX century history was the development of genetics.Hybridological method of research, created this time makes slowly but surely getting tremendous results.

creation of new advances in technology makes it possible to look into the microstructure - is even more advances in the development of genetics forward.Thus, there were set:

• structure of DNA and RNA;
• mechanisms of synthesis and replication;
• protein molecule;
• especially inheritance and retention;
• localization of individual features in the chromosomes;
• mutations and their manifestations;
• had access to the management of the genetic apparatus of the cell.

Probably one of the most important discoveries of this period was the deciphering of the DNA.This was done by Watson and Crick in 1953.In 1941, it was proved that the features are encoded in protein molecules.From 1944 to 1970, to make the most discoveries in the structure, replication, and the value of DNA and RNA.

Modern genetics

history of the development of genetics as a science at the present stage is manifested in the intensification of its different directions.After all, today, there are:

• genetic engineering;
• molecular genetics;
• health;
• population;
• radiation and others.

second half of XX and the beginning of the XXI century for the given discipline is considered to be the genomic era.After all, modern scientists have directly interfered in the whole genetic system of the body, learn to change it in the right direction, control the processes taking place there, reduce the pathological manifestations, to stop them altogether.

history of genetics in Russia

In our country sees science began its intensive formation in the second half of the XX century.The thing is that for a long time, there was a period of stagnation.It is the reign of Stalin and Khrushchev.It is in this historical era there was a split in the scientific circles.Lysenko, who had authority, said that all the research in the field of genetics are not valid.And she is not a science at all.Enlisting the support of Stalin, it is all known geneticists of that time sent to their deaths.Among them:

• Vavilov;
• Serebrovskii;
• ring;
• Chetverikov and others.

Many were forced to adapt to the requirements of Lysenko to avoid death and continue to study.Some emigrated to the United States and other countries.

only after stepping down Khrushchev genetics in Russia gained freedom in the development and intensive growth.

Domestic geneticists

most significant discoveries that can be proud of the science in question, steel and those that exercise by our compatriots.History of the development of genetics in Russia is connected with such names as:

• Nikolai Vavilov (the study of plant immunity, the law of homologous series, etc.);
• Nikolai Koltsov (chemical mutagenesis);
• NV Timofeev-Resovskii (founder of radiation genetics);
• Vladimir Sakharov (naturally occurring mutations);
• ME Lobashev (author of manuals on genetics);
• Serebrovskii;
• Timiryazev;
• NP Dubinin and many others.

The list goes on for a long time, because at all times Russian minds were great in all sectors and scientific fields.

directions in science: medical genetics

history of the development of medical genetics originated much earlier than the general science.After all, back in the XV-XVIII centuries it has been proven effects of hereditary transmission of diseases such as:

• polydactyly;
• hemophilia;
• progressive chorea;
• epilepsy and others.

was established incest negative role in maintaining health and normal development of the offspring.Today, this section of genetics is a very important area of ​​medicine.After all, it allows you to control the display and to stop many genetic mutations at the stage of embryonic development of the fetus.

Human Genetics

history of human genetics originated much later of General Genetics.After all, look inside the human chromosome apparatus is made possible only by using the most modern technical devices and methods.

Man became the object of Genetics in the first place in terms of medicine.However, the basic mechanisms of inheritance and transfer of signs, symptoms and consolidate them in the offspring of people are no different from those of animals.Therefore it is not necessarily the object of study to use a person's name.