ontogeny is determined by successive changes in the body's vital functions from lower levels to higher.There is a structural and functional improvement of the individual.
ontogeny studies conducted in several scientific disciplines.For example, morphophysiological ontogeny (the formation of the body) is the object of study of biological science.In turn, mental and social ontogeny studied in various fields of psychology (psychogenetics, age and child psychology, social and educational psychology).
concepts philosopher and ontogenesis
term "phylogeny" (Gk. "Phyle" - "look, clan, tribe," and "genos" - "origin") is used to refer to the origin and historical development of the species.In psychological science is the development of the psyche of animals in the course of evolution, and the evolution of forms of human consciousness.
more particular importance is the concept of "ontogeny".This (in psychology) the development of the individual psyche.At the same time we are talking about the permanent nature of the development - from birth to the moment of his death.The concepts of philosopher and ontogenesis psychological science borrows from biology, their author is a German biologist Ernst Haeckel.
biogenetic law
On the basis of these concepts, together with F. Müller, Haeckel formulated the biogenetic law (1866).According to him, each individual in the process of individual development (ontogeny) briefly goes through all the stages of development of their own species (phylogeny).
Subsequently biogenetic law was seriously criticized by the scientific community.For example, as a counter-Academic Council of the University of Jena point to the fact that there are no human embryonic tail and gill slits.Despite the support of the biogenetic law by Charles Darwin (declared his main proof of his theory of evolution), the idea was regarded as untenable by the Academic Council and its author - accused of scientific fraud.
However, the biogenetic law, and in fact the idea of recapitulation (lat. "Recapitalatio" - "a concise, brief repetition of the former first") had a significant influence on the development of biological science, including - for the development of evolutionary ideas.Its effect biogenetic law has had on the development of psychology.The ontogenesis of the psyche of the individual can not play the role of the experience of previous generations.
problem of the driving forces of mental development
separate fundamental psychological problem is the question of what factors are leading to the development of the psyche, causes its ontogeny.This concept is defined in the psychology of the driving forces of mental development.There are two basic approaches to solving this problem - biogenetic (natural) and sotsiogenetichesky (public).
Supporters of the first direction have focused on genetic factors (heredity), considering it a leading company in the process of individual development of the mind.Accordingly, the role of social factors is minimized.Among the most prominent representatives of the biogenetic approach - Descartes, F-F.Rousseau, Spencer, S. Hall, D. Baldwin.
opposite, sotsiogenetichesky approach as the driving forces of mental development singled out the social factor - the role of social environment.Man thus acts as an external product (indirect) influence.The value of individual heredity supporters of this approach was ignored.Representatives - John. Locke, Durkheim, P. Janet.
two-factor theory of mental ontogenesis
also been attempts to combine both factors - heredity and social - to explain the specifics of the concept of psychic "ontogeny".This resulted in the psychology of the third direction - the theory of two factors.Was the first researcher W. Stern, formulated the principle of convergence of two factors.According to this principle, the hereditary line in the development of the person crosses the line, due to its social environment (there is a convergence).
Accordingly, the ontogeny of human psychology is carried out in the process of merging the internal and external conditions for the functioning of the psyche.For example, the instinct of the game will determine how and when the child will play.In turn, the material and process conditions will be determined by the actual environment.
special techniques were needed to identify the specifics of the ratio of internal and external factors that determine the ontogeny.The psychology of this twin method.
Important details
twin method was based on a comparative analysis of mental development of mono- and dizygotic twins.The implication was that if the twins are dizygotic (DZ - different heredity) in equal social conditions develop differently, thus the genetic factor is decisive.If development is about the same quality level, mainly serves the social factor.With monozygotic twins (MZ - same heredity), the situation is similar.Subsequently, the coefficients of the differences DZ- and MZ twins living in different / the same conditions are compared.Twin method is widely used in psychogenetics.
Thus, the psychology of personality development in ontogenesis, according to the theory of convergence, driven by two axes:
- X elements of heredity.
- U-environment elements.
For example, the famous British psychologist Eysenck considered intelligence as a derivative of the environment by 80%, and internal (genetic) - only 20%.
disadvantage of the two-factor theory of personality development is considered to be its limitations resulting from the addition of mechanical hereditary and social indicators.In turn, ontogeny - this (in psychology) more complicated, can not be reduced only to the mathematical calculations.It is important to consider not only their quantitative ratio, but also the qualitative features.In addition, these regularities always room for individual differences.
psychoanalytic approach to the concept of "ontogeny" in psychology
What is it - ontogeny - from the standpoint of psychoanalysis?If the previous theory we have seen a convergence (convergence) of the axes of hereditary and social elements, the theory of Sigmund Freud, the reverse process.These factors are considered from the point of confrontation, which is the source of the natural aspirations of a mismatch, the instinctive part of personality ("id", "It" - the unconscious) and social ("superego", "super-ego" - the conscience, moral norms).
when the individual is driven by hidden impulses and desires, it is a manifestation of its natural, unconscious structure.Trying to control these aspirations, abandoning them, condemnation, attempts to oust them from memory - is the work of the social component of identity (internalized system of values, norms and rules of conduct, formed under the influence of the individual's social environment).
This theory also has been criticized by the scientific community, especially with the sharp contrast between biological and social components of the human person.
analytical concept KGYoung
Returning to the idea of recapitulation (biogenetic law), we examined above, it is possible to note similarities in Analytical Psychology of the Swiss psychologist CGJung.This is the theory of the collective unconscious.Just as Ernst Haeckel seen in ontogeny recapitulation of phylogeny, Jung considers the individual as the bearer of psychic experience of previous generations.This experiment is shown in a condensed form in the form of certain patterns of perception and interpretation of reality - archetypes.Blocking the past and their lack of access to the sphere of consciousness has a negative impact on the process of ontogenesis, causes a violation of the individual's mental equilibrium.
Ontogenez and activities
introduction of categories of activities, according to the national psychology DBElkonin allows to some extent solve the problem of allocation of the dominant factors in the ontogenesis of the psyche.The process of development - is, first of all, the activity of the subject due to its objective activity.As for the inheritance and social factors, they act as a development environment, but not as its dominant.They do not cause the process of development of the mind, but only a variation in the normal range.
