Pyotr Stolypin was a statesman, a great reformer.He was born in 1862 in Dresden and died in Kiev in 1911.At various times, Stolypin held various positions.So, he was a district leader of nobility Kovno and Grodno governor of Saratov, the Prime Minister and the Minister of internal politics.
brief biography
In the history of Russia in the early 20th century Stolypin became known as a statesman and reformer.Very significant was his role in suppressing the riots of 1905-1907.In 1906 Nicholas II offered him the post of minister of internal policy.Shortly after it was dissolved by the government and the State Duma of the first convocation.Stolypin, in turn, was appointed prime minister.From his new post, which he held until his death, he spent a few bills.In the history of this period is marked as the agrarian reform.The main content of reform consisted in the introduction of private ownership of land farmers.The adopted law on courts-martial were tightened punishment for serious crimes.Stolypin was later criticized for the rigidity.Among other events, which are held the Prime Minister, it is worth noting the introduction zemstvos to the western provinces, limiting the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland, the dissolution of the Second Duma, changes in the electoral legislation.All these reforms have contributed to the suppression of unrest in 1905-1907.With activities Stolypin connect two phrases have become winged: "Stolypin necktie" and "Stolypin wagon".These two expressions, according to historians, blacken the name of the reformer.Let us examine further what caused such an opinion.
"Stolypin necktie"
This is a popular expression for a long time to blacken the name of the great Russian leader.Peter Arkadevich distinguished by their oratorical skills.It is not just confirmed at the meetings of the Duma.On one of them, and an expression of "Stolypin necktie."The year in which the event occurred - 1907. The meeting was held on November 17 (old Art.).The author of the phrase "Stolypin necktie" (photo reformer presented in the article) - Fedor kin.This famous cadet then climbed to the podium.Beginning his speech sparked a wave of outrage from MPs.Continuing his speech, Rodichev increasingly losing composure.And in a fit of temper I remembered the expression "Muraviovka collar" Purishkevich.It was about the activities of General Muravyov related to the liquidation of the Polish uprising in 1863.According to a transcript hold meetings, further Rodichev said: "What has been called Muraviovka collar will subsequently be called the" Stolypin necktie. "The definition given Rodichev, implied rope for the gallows.
reaction Deputies
The hall immediately flashed a new waveindignation. Deputies everywhere shouting that vile and dishonest insulting a representative of the Emperor. Then some of them went to the podium and tried to force to steal from her Rodicheva. MPs had different political views and opinions. However, despite this, they all expressed their extremely negative attitudein the incident. This cadet was criticized and by Purishkevich. As a result, a meeting of the Duma was disrupted. At the first cries of pale and agitated Stolypin came out of the hall. The Chairman of the Duma hamsters and ministers followed him.
"incident settled"
Stolypinas a gentleman, a break passed cadet challenge to a duel.Immediately after receiving the news he rushed to the Rodichev Stolypin and in the presence of several witnesses apologized, repented of their deeds.Stolypin forgave cadet.This incident was over.The news of forgiveness Rodicheva pretty quickly spread deputies to the masses by making peace.However, eyewitnesses, after this incident, Stolypin never again held out his hand Rodichev.The State Duma to take immediate action.During his phrase "Stolypin necktie" Rodichev was removed from the 15 meetings.
"The Myth of the reformer"
incident could remain a part of history.However, the myth began to live my life.With the submission of the Bolsheviks, the expression "Stolypin necktie" means the punishment of innocent people decisions of courts-martial, which gave authority to the reformer.In one of his articles Lenin wrote Stolypin as an "chief hangman and rioters, prepare yourself for a ministerial post tortures peasants."
further history
Undoubtedly, the Bolsheviks could not forgive Stolypin enactment of martial courts, which tried to extinguish the flames of rebellion, to stop looting and violence of the revolution of 1905-1907.In addition, the reform delay the onset of the revolt of 1917.When Soviet power myth wandered from one textbook on the history of the other.The phrase "Stolypin necktie" under the influence of the communist regime has become a shortcut.At some point all reform activities Stolypin was reduced exclusively to this expression.In this form, the phrase "Stolypin necktie", in fact, survived to the present day.
Opinion poll
According to the survey, one of the social networks of the real story of the appearance of the phrase "Stolypin necktie" know only 22% of respondents.9% of respondents felt that in a way people expressed indignation regarding the mass repressions, executions and tests "revolutionary" areas.9% of respondents expressed the view that it was the fashion at the time of the tie, which bore Stolypin.Almost 49% of respondents felt that way reformer tightened the noose on terror.
"Stolypin wagon"
This is another myth, relentlessly following the name of the reformer.In the course of its activities Stolypin attaches great importance to the eastern territories of the empire.Speaking in 1908, on March 31, the State Duma at the meeting on the advisability of the construction in the Amur railway, he said that is a symbol of the Russian double-headed eagle.He looks to the east and the west.Speaking of that single-domed bird is also strong, Stolypin, however, noted that, if the cut off one head, the double-headed eagle will not become stronger, it just bleeds.Along with the main control land management and agriculture Krivoshein, Peter Abramovich in 1910, he made an inspection trip to the Volga region and Western Siberia.
Policy reformer
activities Stolypin relatively Siberia was to encourage migration to its territory free farmers from the European regions of the country.This policy was part of the agrarian reform.As a result, in Siberia moved about 3 million people.In the Altai region in the course of reform it was founded more than 3400 settlements.They settled more than 600 000 people, which accounted for about 22% of the entire county.Peasant settlers entered into circulation about 3.4 million dessiatines of vacant land.
Transportation farmers
In 1910, for the settlers were built special cars.They differed from the usual.The difference was that part of the entire width of the car was separated.It was intended for the carriage of peasant stock and livestock.Later, with the advent of Soviet power, in the compositions were placed on the windows of the lattice.The cars were used for forced sending the kulaks and other "counterrevolutionary elements" to Central Asia and Siberia.
Opinion
Solzhenitsyn in his book "The Gulag Archipelago," the author describes the history of such cars.It should be noted that Solzhenitsyn - a fan of Stolypin.Defending reformer, in his books he tried to debunk existing myths regarding the Peter Abramovich.As a substitute the words "Stolypin" the author proposed a "Stalinist" car.Thus, there is a misinterpretation of the good intentions of reformers.However, if Stolypin could Rodicheva duel for insulting then stop the lies he was unable to.
In conclusion
contemporaries, speaking about Stolypin, with special respect talked about his fearlessness.On the reformer was planned, and for all its activities has been made eleven attempts.The last one took place in Kiev.The reformer fired Dmitry Bagrov.During this attempt Stolypin received a mortal wound.A few days later, Peter Abramovich died.Activities Stolypin was of great importance for the development of the empire.His reforms went down in history as one of the most effective.Many phrases of Stolypin uttered them in the Duma, became winged.
