Under a long-term climate regime understands the weather or average state of the atmosphere, typical of a particular area.His manifestation is a legitimate change of air temperature, wind, precipitation, and so on. D.
story of the term
word "climate" in Greek means "slope".In a scientific revolution is a concept has been around for over two thousand years.It was first mentioned in the writings of the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus.These words of the scholars sought to show that the inclination of the Earth's surface to the rays of the sun is the determining factor in the formation of weather conditions in any area from the equator to the poles.
Climate Impact
Depending on those or other weather condition is animate and inanimate nature.Climate affects the soil and water bodies, flora and fauna.From the state of the atmosphere of a particular area depends on the living conditions of human society and its economic activities.Take, for example, agriculture.The yield of crops depends on air temperature, precipitation, and many other weather factors.
Earth's climate has an impact on the life of the oceans and seas, swamps and lakes.Furthermore, it is directly involved in the formation of the relief.In other words, the climate depends on all processes in the life of our planet.But their intensity, in turn, is determined by the energy of the heavenly body.
Influence of the Sun on the climate
heat source that comes to our planet, a celestial body.In turn, the total solar radiation that falls within a particular area depends types of the Earth's climate.The heat transferred to our planet, decreases from the equator to the poles.This is due to changes in the angle of incidence, in other words, it depends on the latitude.
the state in which the atmosphere and the Earth's climate are closely linked.In each of the belts sun warms the air in different ways.Thus, at the equator, the highest average temperature is twenty-seven degrees.But the most coldest place on Earth is the South Pole.Here, the average temperature of the coldest month of the year - forty-eight degrees below zero.What can we say about all over the globe?Scientists estimate that during the year the average temperature at the surface of our planet is at around fourteen degrees.
Atmospheric pressure
This phenomenon is one of the main factors that shape the earth's climate.Thus, in the vicinity of the equator of air masses reduced pressure.This condition, which is experiencing a climate conducive to the creation of intense updrafts.They form a cumulonimbus cloud from which heavy rains fall.This phenomenon is repeated every day and comes at a time when the sun is at its zenith.
The fact that the state in which the atmosphere and the Earth's climate have indissoluble bond, and shows the weather in the subtropical latitudes.There, between 30 and 35 parallel, air masses have high blood pressure.This results in the formation of subtropical anticyclones.Their movement is in the latitudinal direction.The total circulation of the atmosphere of this area is a system of air currents.So, from the subtropical anticyclones towards the equator, trade winds blow (wind-resistant).Here there are tropical cyclones and monsoons.The first of these two phenomena has a very low pressure, as well as hurricanes and storm winds.Tropical monsoons dominate the southeastern edge of Eurasia, as well as in related areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.In mid-latitudes on the Earth's climate is influenced by westerly winds.
types of air masses
climate characteristics of a particular area largely depends on whether, where there are over it forming layers of the atmosphere.Thus, air masses may be formed either at a certain latitude or above the surface of the oceans or continents.That is why the atmosphere is classified.
air masses can be of the following types:
- Antarctic (Arctic);
- polar (temperate latitudes);
- tropical;
- equatorial.
Moreover, all these types of air masses can be both marine and continental.
climate and topography
on weather conditions in a particular region is significantly affected by the relief of the territory.Large forms are on the Earth's surface, are a kind of mechanical obstruction.It protects the area from the winds, as well as other air masses.These mechanical barriers that affect the Earth's climate are mountains.Even in the case where the air flow therethrough rolled over, there is a loss of reserves mostly moisture.This greatly changes the nature of the winds.That is why the mountain usually serve the boundary beyond which changing types of climate of the Earth.
Specific weather conditions are created inside the stone ridges.In this zone, there is not even one, but many different climates.A striking example is the Caucasus.There are different climatic conditions observed in the vicinity of the southern and northern slopes of the Armenian highlands, the Kura-Araz lowland and Rion and so on.. In addition, no matter what the conditions of the mountain we consider, characteristic of the climate will have a vertical zoning.Especially sharply it is shown in the soil and vegetation layer, which is presented in a wide range from forests to tundra and beyond to the eternal ice and snow.
Climatic zones
Sunrays falling on our planet are unevenly distributed energy heavenly body.And the main reason is the spherical shape, which is Earth.In this regard, scientists are five climatic zones or zones.Among them, one hot, two temperate, and two cold.
Apart from the uneven distribution of solar energy, the Earth's climate is mainly determined by atmospheric circulation.For example, for the zone, which is directly adjacent to the equator, it is characterized by the dominance of the ascending air currents.In this regard, here is the climate zone, the richest rain.There are on our planet, and such areas where trade winds make the impact.They create a downward air currents.This area, on the territory of which the poor rainfall.
All this suggests that the hot climate zone in each of the hemispheres of the earth can be further divided into two more belts.One of them, a rich rain is called the equatorial.Second, where little precipitation, called tropical.
This characteristic exists and the Earth's climate in the temperate zone.There also are two belts.One of them - a subtropical, where warm, but little rain.The second zone - moderate.It is characterized by abundant rainfall and lower temperature.
different inhomogeneities and cold zone.Thus, studying the climatic conditions of the Arctic, the scientists agreed on the need to highlight here the two zones.One of them - the Arctic, and the second - the subarctic.The first of these is the coldest.The air temperature in the subarctic zone, usually well below zero, even in the warmest months of the year.No wonder this area is considered the realm of eternal ice and snow.Subarctic zone a little warmer.This area is tundra, where in summer the temperature can rise to the level of 10 degrees.
So, the world is not five and eleven zones.It:
- 1 equatorial;
- Tropical 2;
- 2 subtropical;
- 2 moderate;
- 2 subarctic;
- 2 Arctic.
clear and defined boundaries between these zones do not exist.It affects our planet's annual motion, the result of which are different times of the year.How to most effectively examine all the Earth's climate?The table, which can make for clarity, shall contain the following characteristics of each zone, as the average annual temperature, rainfall, atmospheric circulation type and geographic location.
Climatic zones in Russia
region of our country is occupied by a huge area.That is why the very diverse climatic zones of Russia.Map with their image that is sufficiently convincing evidence.Here you can see the area with this type of climate is:
- Arctic;
- subarctic;
- moderate;
- subtropical.
Are there other climatic zones of Russia?Map says that the equatorial and tropical zones in the territory of our country are not available.
Climate Change
Recently, humanity is faced with a new challenge.It is connected with the fact that our planet is undergoing global climate change.The fact of the changes that occur in the weather conditions, confirmed by scientists on the basis of studies.
But, nevertheless, the theme of "Global Climate Change" was still rising during the numerous discussions.Some scientists believe that the planet is waiting for the real heat apocalypse, while others are predicting the coming of another ice age.There is also the view that the change in the Earth's climate is naturally within.However, forecasts of catastrophic consequences of such a phenomenon for the planet is very controversial.
Evidence of climate change
The fact that the air mass is now warmed to a higher temperature, apparently without any instruments and measurements.Today winters became milder, and summer heat and aridity differ.All of this suggests that global warming is happening.In addition, humanity is faced with devastating hurricanes and typhoons and drought in Australia and floods in Europe.All this is a consequence of melting glaciers and rising water levels of the oceans.
However, changing the Earth's climate is not always due to the warming.For example, in the area of the Antarctic a decrease in mean annual air temperature.
causes of climate change
As mentioned above, the main factor that has a direct impact on the weather conditions of our planet is the sun.Activity heavenly body causes magnetic storms and warming associated with large warming of air masses.
There are other reasons for the observed changes in weather conditions which, as well as exposure to sunlight, are factors of natural origin.Its impact on global warming have some changes in the orbit of our planet, the Earth's magnetic field, the size of the oceans and continents.Reduction in the average annual temperature of air masses also contribute to the eruption of volcanoes.
relatively recently to the natural factors of anthropogenic climate change added.This impact caused by human activity.Human activity increases the greenhouse effect which affects climate change, eight times more than the changes occurring as a result of solar activity.
possible consequences of global warming
Increase in mean annual temperature of air masses will cause changes in the lives of some of the animal world.Examples include seals, polar bears and penguins.They will have to change after the disappearance of the habitat of the polar ice caps.However, not only on these fauna will affect a warmer climate.Climate change will affect many other animals.They may simply disappear, unable to adapt to the new environment.The same fate awaits and fauna.According to scientists, global warming, which happened 250 million years ago, caused the disappearance of more than seventy five percent of all living organisms.
climate change on a global scale will cause a shift of the boundaries of natural areas to the north.In addition, it will cause hurricanes and floods, rising temperatures and the level of the oceans and the reduction of summer rainfall.
reflect the global warming and humans.So, there is speculation about problems with drinking water and agriculture, as well as an increase in the number of infectious diseases.The most serious blow to expect the poorest countries that are least prepared to take measures to eliminate the consequences of warming.Will be threatened and the results of work of previous generations.On the verge of starvation may be of the order of six million people.
Climate warming will cause the melting of glaciers, leading to a rise in the water level of the world ocean and the flooding of small islands.In the coastal areas are frequent flooding.This leads to the disappearance of Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany.Then, after global warming may come a period of global cooling.
Of course, all this is just a scenario predicted by scientists.However, mankind should think about the future and reduce the impact on our planet.Danger is better to overestimate than to ignore it.
