Russian language is the most difficult of all existing on the planet.It just so happens that we are almost the only native speakers.It is therefore necessary to comply with this proud title.Active learning of his starts in school: in primary schools mastered the alphabet, and in senior and middle management - a complex material, but even his good knowledge does not guarantee that you will be fluent in Russian.
What is language?Many will answer that question without hesitation: the word.Though it is not so, in part an answer to the question is correct.That words are the basis of our speech.
Taking shape in the proposal, they form the texts bearing information.Of course, their words have a certain level, called parts of speech.They are there a limited number of: all, for example, aware of nouns, adjectives and verbs.So, among them there is another category of words, which are often overlooked and confused her.It is a cardinal.They come in several types, are used in different ways.That is the ordinal and cardinal numbers, how they are used, and will be discussed in this article.
Parts of Speech
As mentioned above, in the Russian language, all the words are divided into classes or parts of speech - and separate service.The first includes all those that are separate from the matter of context: noun, verb, adjective.Numeral also belong to this group.The second part - service, which includes particles, prepositions and so on.That's because the words for numbers can be attributed to the first group, you can define Cases cardinal numbers and ordinal race.
What numeral
We know that there is a part of speech, as a cardinal.What does it mean?In fact, everything is simple: from the name you can understand that these words are responsible for writing numbers and numbers with the help of Russian letters.
example, write "2" - a mathematical form, and "two" - the numeral written on the rules of the Russian language.Many believe that this part of the speech is useless, it is far more convenient to use Arabic or Roman numerals, but since this type of words there, then it is necessary.There are a number of opinions that the figures in the mathematical form - also numerals.However, linguists consider a wrong approach, because the figures are usually referred it to the symbols and signs, not words, and the numeral by definition - is the part of speech.
Types numerals
As with any of the parts of speech in the Russian language, numerals have their discharges.In school, we were told just two, but linguists are four.Let us examine in detail all of them.
- So, the first type - cardinal numbers.They answer the question: "How much?" For example, how many pears?how many children?In other words, they represent the amount of any items that need to be counted.Among the signs they say only case that is no kind of any number they have.Exceptions are cardinal numbers "two" and "one" - and they have the numbers and deaths, but the word "two" and "half" can be used also in different lineages.Thus, it can be concluded that the use of numerals is associated mainly with the use of precisely the quantitative type.
- The second type is such a group, the existence of which can be heard quite rarely - a collective numerals.For many, it may seem rather unusual name.In fact, collective numerals - a kind of quantitative.The only difference is that they represent "gathering a certain number of" why and were put into a separate group.Examples of such words are considered numerals two, three, five, and so on.One of the most important observations is that this type is not used with feminine nouns.You can not, for example, say "Three Women".
- third type includes the ordinal numbers.They are used to convert any objects and written (read) as follows: first, second, tenth, and so on.Ordinal and cardinal numbers are subject to change on cases, the type of sequence is always the same as the form of the adjective, so some linguists such numerals refer to this part of the speech.
- fourth group - a fractional numerals.This type always has an integral character, and in the designation of the decimal point can be used nouns are "whole" and "zero".End numerals fractional form depends on mortality in which they are located.Examples are the words: three-fifths;zero point eight.
simple and compound forms
ordinal and cardinal numbers can be simple and complex form.In the first case, they are composed of one word, and another - of several, including nouns, and may include.Fractional numerals are always an integral form.For example, four Third (consisting of two words).At the use of composite shapes in different cases, many people often have difficulty.For example, try to put the numeral one hundred eighty-four thousand seven hundred fifty-one in prepositional.For information on how to learn to do it immediately, it will be written a little lower.
Examples numerals in the text
most striking example of the use of these words can be considered fiction.Classics often used such words for numbers, which is why the use of numerals in the novels and stories fairly widespread.Generally, it is generally accepted in writing the narrative literature letters all figures - it facilitates the perception of the art text and allows the person to switch from one type of information - text - to another, in this case numerical.
The literature deals with numbers can appear as follows: "In the yard were three buckets of earth" - is an example of the use of cardinal number."Two Hussars famously picked up the wounded and put him on a stretcher" - the expression with the collective form.Suffice it is rare to find fractional species.One such case can be called the well-known platform "nine and three-quarters" in the book of John. Rowling's "Harry Potter".Most of all, we meet with a capital option use numbers when learning in school.For example, in the textbook "Russian language.Grade 6 "Lodyzhensky a lot of jobs that contain different numbers written variations, since it is the section" Morphology "is given the most attention.
numerals in the school curriculum
As mentioned above, the names of numerals - the parts of speech, characteristics and typologies that confuse even the diligent students.This happens because the program on the subject of "Russian" class 6 is the only one which is studied in detail this part of the speech.
course, students forget important information, and meanwhile numerals can meet on a unified state exam in the job dedicated grammatically correct use of words.As a rule, these are the parts of speech are represented in the form of an integral (and, by the way, not in the nominative case).From the examinee is required to determine proper use of it or not, that for many is a serious problem.To perform the job you need a high level of own material related to the decline of parts of speech on cases, it is necessary to know how to form the end of the numerals.The problem lies precisely in the fact that children simply forget the material, because at the time of the study the percentage of those to whom it is given, tends to zero.We all know and are able to induce discharges on cases any numbers, but after a certain time, with not enough practice, this skill is lost, so before exams require mandatory refresher.
Proper use of numerals
In general, the main challenges, not only among students, but for most people, is the correct use of this part of the speech.People simply do not know how to look the form of numerals.Therefore, we analyze in detail what end have different level "capital" of numbers.
most simple forms are cardinal numbers: words denoting the number from five to twenty and thirty, in the genitive, dative and prepositional have end s , and instrumental th .Let us consider the example of the decline of the numeral "five".So, declined for case five, five, five, five, five, five.The numerals from fifty to eighty and two hundred to nine hundred inclined both parts of words, for example, fifty, fifty, fifty, fifty, fifty, fifty on.In that case a numeral compound, each of the words tends separately.
Regarding the ordinal numbers, which vary in number and leave, their end is formed on the same principle as that of the relative adjectives.An important feature is that the decline on cases form an integral changes only the last word.For example, four thousand eight hundred and ninety six, four thousand eight hundred and ninety six, four thousand eight hundred and ninety sixth, four thousand eight hundred and ninety six, four thousand eight hundred and ninety sixth, about four thousand eight hundred ninety six.
Fractional numerals can be divided into two types: the numerator is quantified, and the denominator - in the form of a sequence.It follows that the fractional change the numeral can be performed separately decline of both words on cases.
Remember these simple rules, you can be sure of the correct use of any necessary forms.For more information about the end clearly can show a table of numerals.
Basic error
After more familiar with how to change the numerals, it may seem that it is impossible to remember all this.In fact, there is nothing difficult and unusual - quite self-decline some component form as directed will understand the principle, then disappear and error.It is noticed that people who are more likely to use colloquial sentences with numerals, commit fewer blunders in writing in solving tests.
Based on the results of the same tests it was found that the main difficulties arise from the respondents to change the words on the case forms, indicating that a certain percentage of illiteracy in the country.The oral tests in two-thirds of the respondents had difficulty with the pronunciation of complex composite numerals, and the forms were also incorrect.
few tips on studying numerals
If you wish to explore this part of the speech is really good, and never in my life not to have problems with it, you should do so.The first thing you need to learn all the stuff you want to learn.You can stretch out the process for a few days, using the standard procedure of memorizing: visual, auditory memory as well known techniques, for example, reading before bedtime.After a thorough study of the theory, you can continue to practice.No, sit at the books and use up dozens of pages declinations numerals are not required (however, you can try - this operation is quite useful, though time-consuming).In fact, in our lives all the visible objects can be calculated.Pay attention to how much has traveled by car, or you can just read the inscriptions on the signs and watch the price tags in stores - is not a cardinal?Next, using the theoretical knowledge, it is recommended in the mind of the declination for case.About a week later pronunciation of numerals already not be a problem.If such a process is complex, it is always the first option - to prescribe.Of course, everyone is determined with the method of studying the material, selects the best, but the above methods will most quickly learn the technique of decline, and hence avoid the most common mistakes.
Numerals documentation
sure many file tax returns and other financial documents where required to present any amount.You've probably noticed that the mathematical notation always (in brackets, or on a separate line) prescribed words, t. E. A cardinal number.Why is this demagoguery?This is thought to protect against errors.If a person has not understood the handwriting, he can write the figure so that it can easily be confused with any other, and with the full number of letters spelling error probability less.
Conclusion So now you know what ordinal and cardinal numbers, as well as some of their species still exist.After reading this article there should be no doubt as to how to use these words in their spoken and written language.Of course, efforts should be made for this, but the result will make you happy.You should also say that their own language at the appropriate level is required every citizen of our country.Of course, know Russian from cover to cover is not possible (well, there are no such people), but to know how to communicate is still needed.At least in order to understand the meaning of sentences around, and you are in "decent" society, do not feel embarrassed.
