mid-twentieth century went down in history as a time of revolutionary technological breakthroughs in all fields of technology, science and even culture.Once the do not call this period: the age of cybernetics, the era of space exploration, and even the era of rock 'n' roll.In the USSR in the late forties, was put into operation the world's first nuclear power plant, it happened four years after Hiroshima.Icebreaker nuclear power plant was also built in the USSR (1957).And three years earlier in the United States was officially launched nuclear submarine "Nautilus".The era of nuclear submarine fleet.I think that diesel submarines ever gone.But it turned out that in some cases they do not have a replacement.An example is the quietest in the world submarine Project 877 "Warszawianka".
Premier League - advantages and disadvantages
advantages of submarines with nuclear power plant are obvious.They do not need to surface regularly to recharge the batteries, the radius of operational applications is almost unlimited, as well as time spent at depth.Requires only be loaded into the holds of food and pumped into the drinking water tank (however, there are desalination plants).Inside the compartment is spacious, the living conditions of the crew quite comfortable, and combat capabilities are such that a single unit is enough to arrange dozens of Hiroshima.But there is some confusion.Stop the reactor is possible only in case of an accident, so the boat is constantly noisy.Virtually "lay low" and to sit quietly impossible.
Whatever power plant was safe, but the cooling circuits require heat pumping seawater, which is then, though weak, but "fonit" and on the next ship, you can use sensitive instruments "calculate".In addition, any submarine (nuclear submarine) has a considerable size, and because there are restrictions on walking in the shallow areas of the oceans.
What was needed diesel submarine
After the armed fleets likely opponents of these invisible on the surface of cruisers began to build similar ships for the Navy.It soon became clear that the patterns of domestic submarines differ from overseas, and not for the better.Acoustic detection of fairly quickly pinpointing noise propellers and engines.This problem was solved later, but in the late sixties - early seventies external threats decided to give an asymmetrical response.In 1974, KB "Rubin" has received from the Navy Commander SG Gorshkov TK, which listed the main requirements for the new ship: low visibility, a wide range of functional and reduced the number of crew members.Four years later, the stocks in Komsomolsk-on-Amur went first "Warszawianka".Submarine comply with all points of the terms of reference, and in many respects even surpassed him in these settings.
device submarine
Submarines usually consist of two buildings, located in one another (for "nested doll" principle).
lightweight shell is fairing, which are hidden under the so-called BTF (main ballast tanks) and TSVB (auxiliary).Main ballast is designed to create a positive or negative buoyancy, ie provides a surfacing and sinking ship.Auxiliary tanks create trim (ie, longitudinal horizontal tilt housing) to bow or stern, and also serve to align the bank.
crew, armament, all necessary machinery, including motor, batteries, equipment DKP (main command post), galley and more enclosed in a rugged, divided into compartments.Is no exception, "Warszawianka".The submarine is divided into six sections.Typically, the first and the last of them is called torpedo, but ships of the project 877 is a weapon only in the nose, along with fasting sonar equipped with a special pull-out (down) mine.But the design features do not end there.
Constructive unusual
General Designer of KB "Rubin" Yuri Kormilitsin gave shape of a ship shape, characteristic of the atomic submarine.In cross-section it is almost round, unlike other diesel counterparts, flattened on the sides.Frames, which, according to the classical scheme, located inside the pressure hull, delivered in intercase space at the expense of the original decision had released a lot of space, which has greatly improved the living conditions for the crew and equipment to put the most rational way.Submarine project "Warszawianka" has become the most modern ship of the Navy of the USSR in terms of automation, mechanization and cybernetics, which reduced the burden on the crew - with its smaller population - and graded in many situations notorious human factor.
Low visibility
Sonar works on the same principle as a conventional radar.Sonar emits short pulses of sound frequencies that are reflected from underwater objects, create a picture of the situation.As in the "Stealth" means to reduce the visibility of the submarine are mainly based on decrease in the reflectivity of the surface.So special material protected "Warszawianka".The submarine is covered with a special sound-absorbing layer, which reduces the noise coming from the machinery of the ship, and at the same time absorb hostile sonar signals.
turbulence and cavitation, which inevitably arise near the handlebars, prompted the designers of "Rubin" to shift them closer to the middle-ship frame (middle body).
But for low visibility enough to be a "black hole" (the so-called Project 877 hydroacoustics NATO fleets).It is not for idle walks on the sea created "Warszawianka".The submarine itself should hunt enemy ships, and for this it requires the "eyes" and "ears".Detect the enemy before he can see you - that is the main task of the crew.Sonars are of two types: active and passive.First emit acoustic pulses, they operate at greater distance, but unmask the ship.The second uses the work of other sonar and marine noise, use them harder, but safer.Class submarine "Warszawianka" has two types of sonar, and in addition to them, a perfect system of processing the information received on the basis of on-board computers.Applying technology "acoustic tunnel", which reduces radiation side sonar.
Chassis
to recharge the battery of the submarine is not necessary to come to the surface, enough to raise the RDP (also called snorkel) to provide access to the outboard air and removal of products of combustion.Diesel applied Low smoke, which reduces the visibility of the ship on the high seas.
use other innovations.Basic diesel (5.5 th. L. C.) Is not used to bring the vessel in motion, its function consists in driving the rotor of the generator charging.In surfaced course provides an economical engine (capacity of 130 liters. With.) And two (for 102 hp..) Is a backup-shunting.Kinematic scheme is that all three engines run on one screw.It is also a special, six-bladed, allowing it to rotate at a lower speed (250 rev. / Min.), Producing, respectively, and less noise.
living conditions
conditions of service on diesel boat is always considered severe.In addition to the psychological burden, the crew experienced a large number of disadvantages associated with a deficit of space and limited autonomy.Submarines of the "Warszawianka" different from other ships of this class are much better conditions.Sleeping on torpedoes team members do not have to have this comfortable cabins.There are also showers, a cinema hall and a dispensary.
«Varshavyanka" Today, 636 th project
Despite the considerable age of the project, the need for the boats of class "Warszawianka" is urgent, besides, the ship has considerable export potential.Indian Navy are armed with dozens of units of submarines, the two go under the Algerian flag, so have the Polish Navy.China buys them for its navy.After the destruction of the world socialist system has ceased to operate the Warsaw Pact Collective security (in whose honor and was named project), many examples of Soviet technology, including the latest, are in the arsenals of the NATO countries.In order to maintain the capacity of submarine forces at the proper level, needed urgent modernization of the material part of the fleet.As a general scheme, and the concept presented successful vehicle, significant changes in the overall construction have not been made.The submarine "Novorossiysk" project "Warszawianka" new model lies in St. Petersburg at the Admiralty Shipyard in August 2010, marking the beginning of a series of advanced project which has received index 636. In the coming years it is planned to lower the water five similar ships.The next will be "Rostov-on-Don" and "Stary Oskol", the rest of the submarine will be named after the city of military glory.The new units are designed to strengthen the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Federation.Their design takes into account the whole experience of shipbuilding and applied the latest advances navigation, sound and computer equipment.The submarines of Project 636 "Warszawianka" in service have cruise missiles "Caliber" with combat radius of 2500 km.
Specifications and weapons
Total displacement "Varshavyanka" submerged state is 3036 tons on the surface - 2300 m. As atomic boat under water, it is faster to 17 knots (compared to 10 for diesel).Maximum support 636 project can dive to 300 meters.The length of the ship - nearly 73 meters, width - 10. surfaced pellet, depending on the load, - from 6.2 to 6.6 meters.The crew consists of 52 people, autonomous navigation is maintained for 45 days.The boat is armed with six torpedo 533 and four cruise missiles.
