Modern garden work rarely do without tillage and plant special preparations - fungicides.The literal translation of the term from Latin means "to kill fungi."But the practice of plant protection products considerably expanded this concept by combining substances that are toxic, not only for the fungi, but also drugs, fighting against other pathogens of crops.Fungicides - a chemical or biological agents that are used for the prevention, prevention or treatment of diseases of horticultural crops.
little history
Various plant diseases - spot, rust, rot - a person familiar with since people learned how to grow certain crops.Even then there were the very first recommendations on them with the necessary protection.Another BC Homer mentioned the fight against plant diseases with the help of sulfur fumigation and Democritus pointed at preventing decay via spraying crops infusion of olives.With the beginning of a new era, people learned to prevent disease grains, soaking them in wine or keeping shredded cypress leaves.In the Middle Ages known at the time of the disease and methods of treatment have been described and classified.
breakthrough came with the development of the chemical industry and active studies the etiology of many diseases and biological characteristics of pathogens.Most fungicides used today have been synthesized recently - in the 20th century.Modern plant protection products - single-component or combination of drugs - can achieve significant progress, but the problem did not go away until the disease and needs constant improvement of technologies, methods and means of the processing plants.
How are fungicides?
They destroy spores or mycelium of fungi and microorganisms, which cause various diseases.These plant protection products are classified according to the nature of the impact, purposes of use, the nature and selectivity of action, as well as the distribution of plants.
Classification fungicides
Due to the fact that the same fungicide may have a different impact on different cultures, the classification is very conditional.In addition, the use of different doses of the substance in the unequal terms varies widely.However, fungicides are divided into:
- protection products used for the treatment of healthy plants in order to prevent disease.
- Treatment (eradicate) drugs, the treatment that is needed after the plant to show signs of the disease.The active ingredient of such fungicide stops the growth of pathogenic areas caused the problem, what leads to healing culture.
- systemic fungicide - a chemical absorbed by the plant and moving on its vascular system and protect the new shoots have grown up after treatment.These fungicides have therapeutic and prophylactic effect.Contact
- drugs that protect only those parts of the plant with which they come into contact.These fungicides - it means only having a protective effect, they always depend on the impact of rainfall.
- Seed Disinfectants - chemicals used in presowing soaking seeds in order to protect future emergence of pests and diseases, as well as in the treatment of bulbs, tubers, corms and rhizomes of the plants before planting.Today, there are drugs like a focused action - or prophylactic against possible diseases or against microbial pests - and complex, combining both of these directions.
Toxicity preparations and precautions for their use
Fungicides - drugs are toxic and need to be confident in the appropriateness of their use in the home.Before using these drugs should be familiar with the safety precautions on their use.There are a few fixed rules, the implementation of which is required to avoid poisoning, which is able to provoke a fungicide.The Regulations annexed to each drug, offers:
- keep drugs away from food and medicine in a dry, dark, cool place at a temperature no higher than +35 ° C and below -10 ° C;
- ensure the reach of children and animals;
- preparation of a working solution in a pot produce used in the kitchen;
- solution is used directly, it is not stored;
- pursue treatment in the absence of children and animals;
- for such work to prepare special clothing;
- during operation does not take food, drink or smoke;
- at the end of treatment wash hands and face;
- capacity used for the preparation of the solution and part of the sprayer rinse under running water.
need help poisoning
If caution when dealing with drugs has not been complied with, it should immediately take the necessary measures.If the drug accidentally fell in, to drink 0.5 liters of water and induce vomiting.After contact with the skin of the active substance is washed under running water for at least 10 minutes.It is very dangerous to hit the drug into the lungs or eyes.In such cases, the eyes are washed with water and two percent solution of hydrogen peroxide, and inhale volatile substances bring to the fresh air.Although given first aid, it would be superfluous to apply to the hospital, taking the packaging label of the drug used.
Modern protective equipment
The use of fungicides has now become a necessity, so we need to know exactly what drugs can be used in some cases, and some others.Here are the most common modern fungicides, take a look at their action, advantages and disadvantages.
«fundazol": instructions for use
«fundazol '(powder) - systemic fungicide extensive action to combat many types of fungal diseases.Suitable for preventive and curative sprays under the threat of fungal infections.Used as a seed dressing before planting.It has weak malodorous.Hazard - 3. The active substance fundazol - benomyl, enters the plant through the roots or aerial parts and converted into carbendazim - a substance having excellent fungicidal properties.Most fundazol accumulates on the surface of plants, while a smaller, penetrated inside is able to protect even interacting with the drug areas.
ways to use "fundazol»
fungicide treatment, in particular the "fundazol" can be carried out in different ways:
- together with irrigation;
- spraying the plants during the growing season;
- seed treatment before planting.
«fundazol 'instructions for use which is attached to each package is dissolved in an amount of 1 g per 1 liter of water.This is a working solution.Using it may not be more than twice per season.
Seed treatment is recommended for a month before planting.Together with "fundazol" watering needed in the event of plant disease symptoms, and spraying are preventive measures that take even before the occurrence of painful symptoms.
«Topaz": based on penconazole fungicide
«Topaz» (emulsion concentrate) as "fundazol", is a systemic fungicide curative and preventive actions to protect plants from fungal diseases such as powdery mildew, rust, mildew, and others. "Topaz "- fungicide, odorless, moderately dangerous to humans, animals and fish, but not toxic to birds and insects.It is strictly prohibited the processing plant during flowering.Hazard - 3.
most effective "Topaz" for protection of stone, fruit, berries, vegetables and ornamental plants, as well as grapes from mildew and other fungi, and infections.Conducted at an interval of 7-14 days preventive treatments that suppress the infection caused by pathogens of various diseases in the early growing season show the best results.
How to apply "Topaz"?
Normalize fungicide consumption depending on the phase of development in which the plant is located, and on the degree of destruction.Weak solutions are used at the beginning of the growing season, or at a small infectious background;stronger - in the finished sheet or period of significant lesions infection.After the treatment, the drug culture to consolidate the results it is advisable to use contact fungicides.The instructions for using the "Topaz" are the following recommendations:
- for fruit trees and bushes (currants, gooseberries, peaches, grapes) and vegetables and strawberries contents of one vial of the drug is dissolved in 10 liters of water;
- for flower crops (roses, carnations, asters, etc..), The solution is more concentrated - one ampoule means dissolved in 5 liters of water.
«Topaz" - fungicide whose price is low, and the benefits of its proper application is invaluable.Sprinkle the plants need to be carried out in calm, dry weather, uniformly treating the entire surface of the plant.The solution is prepared immediately prior to the works.Following treatment, if there is such a need, spend 10-14 days when the protection period expires.
Fungicide "Chorus»
To protect and stone fruit trees, vines and strawberry from scab, powdery mildew and moniliosis applied fungicide "Horus", developed on the basis of cyprodinil and manufactured in the form of water-soluble granules."Chorus" - a fungicide has been used successfully to combat kokkomikozom, klyasterosporiozom monilial and fruit rot on plum and cherry with a fruit rot and scab on apples and pears.
Processing "Horus" is produced by spraying, the first of which is carried out before flowering, the second - during the growing season, but no later than 2 weeks prior to harvest.It is best to conduct the second treatment after 2 weeks after culture faded.Working solution is prepared in the following proportions: 10 liters of water dissolve 3 g.drug.Average consumption of resources per tree is from 2 to 5 liters of solution based on the size and type of tree sprayer.
«Horus" - fungicide application whose feature is that it shows the highest efficiency at low temperatures (3-10 ° C), which is an advantage of this preparation, asit can be advantageously used in early spring, when mainly happens infection moniliosis horticultural crops.Experienced gardeners are not recommended to treat the trees with an increase in air temperature over 22 ° C.Protective period after treatment lasts 7-10 days.Another advantage of the application "Horus" is its high therapeutic effect on an already infected plants.
Standards fungicide use "Chorus»
for different plant solution concentration varies.For the treatment of apples and pears requires a solution prepared from 2 g of preparation per 10 liters of water.Spraying stone fruits effectively a solution of 3 g per 10 liters of water.The concentration of the treating solution strawberry 1 hundredths - 6 g per 5 liters of water.
fungicides for grapes, in particular the "Horus", prepared in the same proportions as for the strawberry - 6 g of material per 10 liters of water.The maximum number of treatments per season for strawberries is 2, stone fruit (other than plums) and grapes - 3;pome and plums - 4 times.
timely and competent treatment of crops helps gardeners and suburban areas in the purification of the pathogens of various infections and increase crop quality and healthy fruit.
