Galileo Galilei - Italian scientist, scholar, engineer, critic, poet, astronomer and physicist.He had a significant influence on the development of science of his time.The basis of knowledge and experience believed fiercely fought against the scholastic exercises.Now known to all his achievements: Galilei invented a hydrostatic scales thermoscope and improved the telescope.The scientist is the founder of experimental physics.In this article, we will tell you about the life and inventions of Galileo.Let's get started.
Childhood and adolescence
Galileo Galilei, a short biography which will be presented below, was born in Pisa (Italy) in 1564.His father worked as a musician and mathematician, has chosen for his son the medical profession.After he graduated from the convent school boy, he defined it in the University of Pisa in the Faculty of Medicine.But seventeen Galilee it was not interesting.He left the university and moved to Florence, where he began to study the works of Archimedes and Euclid.Galileo's father, giving her son the request, translated it into a philosophical faculty.
In childhood Galileo loved designing mechanical toys and working models of ships, mills, machinery.The student Viviani Galileo, subsequently wrote a biography of the scientist mentioned that already in his youth, Galileo was very observant.It is due to this quality he was able to make an important discovery: he saw in the cathedral of Pisa swinging chandelier, a young man came up with the law of isochronism of pendulum oscillations (the independence of the deviation of the oscillation period).Many researchers disagree with Viviani and believe that this discovery does not belong to Galilee.But it is known that Galileo repeatedly tested experimentally the law.He also used it for a certain length of time.This experiment was enthusiastically received by physicians.
Hydrostatic Scales Galileo
In 1586 a young scientist published his first scientific work of a practical nature.Galileo constructed special hydrostatic scales, and described them in detail in his work.We can say that it has determined his fate as a scientist.
Hydrostatic weighing scales allow to determine if the density of precious stones and metals.The method itself opened even Archimedes.The work of Galileo, entitled "Small scale" was a Florentine mathematician Guido del Monte.The scientist is recognized immediately in the Galileo talented mechanic and wished to meet him.
That recommendation del Monte in 1589 Galileo received a professorship in his university, he was unable to finish due to financial difficulties.However, it took a minimum salary, but scientists still was happy because hydrostatic scales Galileo became famous in the scientific world.Especially he was known among the Italian mathematicians.
treatise "On the Motion»
began teaching at the University of mathematics and philosophy, Galileo faced a difficult choice.On the one hand - the inviolable dogma views of Aristotle, on the other - their own reflections, backed by experience.According to Aristotle, the velocity of a falling body is proportional to its weight.Galileo denied this assertion, when numerous witnesses dropped from the Leaning Tower of balls of the same size but with different weights.Aristotle taught that different bodies have different "property lightness", so some of them are falling much faster than others.That the body was in motion, it needs a push air, hence the movement of the body indicates the absence of emptiness.Experiments Galileo say otherwise.
In 1590, the researcher wrote a treatise "On the motion."In it, he criticized the views of the followers of Aristotle (peripatetic).This led to the disapproval of a scientist from the representatives of the breech scholastic science.In addition, the suit does not receive a salary, Galileo.He was very cramped in the media.I helped him aforementioned del Monte, Galileo recommending the University of Padua.
Padua period
Since 1592 began the most productive period in the life of a researcher.We have already talked about the hydrostatic scales Galileo, who became his first discovery.So, over the years of teaching at the University of Padua scientist he made two more.Galileo invented thermoscope for the study of thermal phenomena and perfected the telescope to make her telescope.
fact thermoscope was a type of thermometer.In order to invent, Galileo had to radically rethink existing at the time the principles of cold and heat.
about the invention of the telescope in Venice knew already in 1609.Interested in this discovery, Galileo perfected the device and adapt it to observe the stars.At the beginning of 1610 it has helped researchers found three satellites of the planet Jupiter.Watching the planet at different times, Galileo was able to understand what the satellites revolve around her, and not vice versa.This confirmed Kepler System Model, which was a supporter of the scientist.
addition, Galileo discovered the principle of relativity dynamics.It formed the basis of the current theory of relativity.Galileo found misconceptions about the movement of Aristotle.Empirically scientists have found that the movement (mechanical processes) is relative.That is not to talk about the movement, not ascertained in relation to a "body of reference" it occurs.Themselves as the laws of motion whatsoever.So close to the cabin of a ship, it is impossible to experimentally determine whether it is moving uniformly, or resting on the ground.
astronomical discoveries
With improved telescope at the scientist, new achievements.Galileo discovered the phases of Venus, and was convinced of the existence of a huge number of stars of the Milky Way.Watching the movement of sunspots, the researcher realized that this process is due to the rotation of the sun.By studying the surface of the moon, Galileo discovered craters and mountains.All this he has undermined the credibility of the cosmogonic dogma of the immutability of the universe, having made a revolution in astronomy.All of his observations, Galileo described in the book "The Star Bulletin", which was published in 1610.This work he dedicated to the Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo de 'Medici by name.
Return to Florence
Soon Duke invited Galileo to work in Florence.The scientist was appointed court philosopher and mathematician of the first University, who was not obliged to read lectures.By the time Galileo became known throughout Italy.They admired one, they vehemently hated by others.True at first not apparent hostility.In 1611 the astronomer was even invited to Rome, where he was enthusiastically greeted the first face of the city and the church.Galileo has not yet guessed installed him the secret surveillance.The enemy offensive has intensified in 1613, when the Inquisition was raised about the incompatibility of the Holy Scriptures with the discoveries of Galileo.The researcher gave this charge detailed response, which attempted to clearly distinguish between science and the church.In 1616 he went to Rome with a view to defend his teachings.
first process
Circumstances were very good.The reason for that was brilliant oratorical skills of Galileo.In addition, the researchers helped the Duke of Tuscany, writing letters to the Inquisition.The charges against Galileo admitted baseless accusations.Now, however, scientists came to a rather complicated task: the legalization of their scientific views.
Copernican system could not openly defend, but a form of dialogue, debate is not prohibited.Therefore, Galileo wrote the manuscript "Dialogue about the ebb and flow" in which three interlocutors discussed the two main systems of the world - Copernicus and Ptolemy.In 1630 he went to Rome in this book.Scientists took two years to deal with censorship, to get permission to publish the manuscript.In the end, she came out in Florence in August 1632.
second process
Inquisition responded immediately to the output of books, read the whole of Europe.At the end of 1632 Galileo ordered to come to Rome.The scientist asked for a postponement because of his illness and old age.However, his request remained unanswered.At the beginning of 1633 he was taken to Rome on a stretcher.During the months he lived with Tuscan envoy, and then deported to prison Galileo Inquisition.Then there were the threat of torture, the requirements of renunciation, interrogations, and the worst thing for the researcher - the destruction of his works.To justify their "dialogue" before the judges of Galileo failed.After the trial, the scientist was brought to the monastery of St.Minerva was forced to sign the abdication and publicly repent on his knees.
last years
In 1637, Galileo Galilei, a short biography which was highlighted in this article, lost his sight.But before that, the scientist managed to finish the work, dedicated to his achievements in the field of mechanics.The work was called "Mathematical proofs and discussions."In contrast to the "dialogue" in this book are all described as if a dispute with supporters of Aristotle is not relevant and necessary to the approval of new scientific views.Thanks to the efforts of friends of Galileo book came out during the life of a researcher.He was this incredibly happy.
Galileo died in early 1642 in a villa in Arcetri.In 1732-m dust scientist was sent to Florence and buried next to Michelangelo.
This entire biography.Galileo forever inscribed his name in the history of science.Finally we present a few facts about this researcher.
Interesting facts about Galileo
- In 1992, the Pope described the scientist as a brilliant physicist and expressed regret about the past against his sentence.It was the first public acknowledgment of the Vatican regarding the rotation of the Earth around the sun.
- Hydrostatic Scales Galileo among the five most brilliant inventions, which are used in our time.
- phrase "And yet it does move!" The researcher never uttered.This myth was invented by an Italian journalist.
