Shorthand - a record short text special characters.They have such a shorthand form that allows to reproduce on paper even live speech.The speed with which this letter produced in 4-7 times higher than normal.
definition of shorthand, and can give somewhat different.This concept is compared with the art of writing.At the same time it is so fast, that is not inferior to his rate of speech.How to achieve such a result?In order to increase the speed of writing, writing specifically designed for this purpose the simplest signs.At the same syllables and words are subject to significant reductions.Shorthand can save seventy-five percent of the time compared to a conventional letter.
history
Already more than 2 thousand years, there is a shorthand.Meaning of the word that denotes a concept in Greek - "narrowband".In other words,
explanatory dictionary Dahl also gives an explanation of the term "shorthand."The meaning is as follows: "an abbreviated, shorthand, to keep pace with speech."But the famous writer Charles Dickens called this way to play the mysterious words and noble art.
Writing appeared a few thousand years BC.Its invention was the result of persistent human desire to communicate.Initially, writing was the subject.Users broadcast their thoughts with the help of certain real objects.Later it became descriptive writing.In this step, mode of transmission thought steel images, characters, and finally, the alphabet, which exists to date.
shorthand emerged from the common written language.It happened at a very early stage of development of human culture, when the different peoples there is a need for accurate transmission of speech using a quick and concise record.
In ancient Egypt used as shorthand.What accelerated the letter meant for the ancient people?With the help of recorded speeches of great orators.
shorthand reached its greatest prosperity in Rome and Ancient Greece.A special contribution to the improvement of high-speed letter made secretary and servant of the great orator Cicero - Tyrone.He was the author of the Latin shorthand.This alphabet is still called tironovymi notes.
appearance of alphabetic shorthand
Initially cursive was like.What does it mean?For each word was developed sign.This greatly complicates the work.To play the transcript becomes necessary to memorize a huge number of characters.Their number reached 13000. Here was a shorthand.What is the number of characters is difficult to remember, it was clear to everyone.The solution was found in the 17th century.It was then that the Englishman Willis was developed cursive letter system.This shorthand soon became very popular in many countries worldwide.
Rapid letter to Russian
shorthand used in Pskov and Novgorod back in 15-16 centuries.In Moscow, high-speed letter already used in the first Romanovs.It was in the 16th century.Here's a long history in our country has a shorthand.Russian alphabet was used in a new original system developed Ivaniv in 1858. The first record of this method is done in Russia March 19, 1860 It is reproduced dispute between Kostomarov professor and academician Pogodin.His theme was the question of the origin of Russia.
shorthand for the Russian language was used extensively in the second half of the 19th century.They have been claimed by some journalists, writers, scholars, and students.
special shorthand development in Russia has received in the beginning of the 20th century. When formed, the State Duma.With the creation of this authority there is need for the recording of meetings held.To resolve this issue created a shorthand Bureau, staffed by several dozen people.
Attention to Simplified intensified with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks.In 1925 the All-Union Conference on shorthand.In the Soviet Union it published a special magazine - "Questions of shorthand."It comes in 20-ies of the last century.In the same period it was formed by public higher rates shorthand.Subsequently, high-speed writing taught in some of the Soviet schools and universities.Profession stenographer in the country owned by tens of thousands of people.
Thus in Russia an active speed used for a hundred years.During this period, it saw the light of the set of manuals and books on this discipline.
Types of systems for the rapid recording
has always been in demand shorthand.What was a letter?For more than one century, this kind of record improved and developed.As a result, various methods have been reduced to two systems.One of them - the geometric and the second - italic.The first is based on a straight line and a circle with its parts and a point.The second system contains a part of the oval and the letters used in an ordinary letter.
In France and in England, the most common is the geometric shorthand.The meaning of this system can be installed on a specific combination of straight lines, circles (or parts thereof) and points.
cursive shorthand is used mainly in Germany.This system is more beautiful in style and comfortable for writing.
Verbatim alphabet contains characters that are different from the slope and height of the thickening and occupied the place, etc.Moreover, it can be observed in a variety of both systems.
As for the modern shorthand, it seeks to unite all of the above species.The main task of writing fast at this stage is to bring the existing systems into one.And shorthand tends to rational reconciliation of brevity and consistency.
Who needs the ability to quickly letter
Shorthand - what is it?This is a very complex discipline.And some people wonder what is it and now include in the list of compulsory subjects in those schools where, for example, the teaching profession secretary.Of course, modern technology make it possible to record conversations or performances on tape.However, a lot of time is needed to process the information.Moreover, not all of it can be heard due to various interferences.Another thing - shorthand.Meaning of words, phrases and entire speech can be when you use this method, read with ease, as well as when writing text.Verbatim signs are perceived much easier than the manuscript.
Today, high-speed letter demanded in various fields.Shorthand is especially needed for those who are engaged in intellectual work.It is not surprising that writing speech using special signs are trained future secretaries.After all, the representatives of this profession face every day with a large amount of information, and possession of shorthand allows them to greatly facilitate the work of not only themselves, but also the manager.
Value cursive
Shorthand demand not only due to the high speed writing.It allows you to record information as accurately as possible.Whoever owns this technique can be an important conversation transcribed literally to the last detail.The energetic leader who used to work at a fast pace, will be pleased with his secretary, able to record all the information during the negotiations or meetings.
acquisition of useful skills
How studied stenography course?Lessons cursive build in a certain sequence.First, the study subject alphabet.
first studied transcripts of marks recorded in a notebook with a narrow line.This is necessary because of the importance of a quick recording the height of the sign, and the hand should gradually get used to it.Somewhat later, you can go to the sheets with the usual line.Having mastered the technique of shorthand completely recorded on a conventional lead nerazlinovannoy paper.In addition, each of the shorthand prescribed several times in a row.It is much more effective if in writing its value will be spoken.In this case, cursive writing skill will be produced faster.While reading the transcript signs should be re-cut around a pencil.
Basic Principles quick letter
system uses the shorthand method, which is carried out skipping vowels.One icon combine those letter combinations that occur most frequently, and especially common syllables.For example, the end of words such as -tsiya, -tsa, -ntsiya and -ktsiya in shorthand will have the same designation.It has to do with, say, such words as "faction", "border", "station" and "grace."
which icons are written frequently used idioms and expressions.When teaching shorthand advise them to register several times, mentally repeating value.For easy remembering idioms and expressions are recorded in a separate notebook.This must be observed alphabetical order.This dictionary should regularly prescribe repeat and read.The purpose of this session is to bring the process to automatic writing transcripts and develop the ability to read their own and others recorded the same rate as ordinary text.
After some time spent in training, the knowledge gained should gradually start to practice.For this first shorthand symbols inserted in longhand.Gradually mixed text changes to cursive writing.
And now shorthand remains relevant and popular.Examine it can be in special courses.They usually last for forty academic hours.
features high-speed letter
verbatim record, built on the alphabetic principle, it has several features.First of all, as mentioned above, it is characterized by shortness of faces.And arbitrarily change the writing signs can not be verbatim.They are standard.We all know that in a normal letter, the same letter can be written in one of several available options.This freedom in shorthand prohibited.All signs should only have a well-defined system of the mark.
Features stenographic alphabet
in cursive signs corresponding consonants, must be written at an angle of sixty degrees to the line of writing.This takes you tilt to the right.All signs must be written in the line of writing.The general rule, which is performed when the letter verbatim: compliance inclination, shape and exact size of each designation.If it is violated, the record can not be read.
size verbatim characters are defined by their height.All images consonants are divided into small, large and one-dimensional.Moreover, their heights are within a certain ratio.So, passed by the size of one-dimensional characters - 3 mm.Small designation is one-third the height of one-dimensional.
shorthand divided into oval ostrookanchivayuschiesya and sublinear.The shorthand notation corresponding to the whole word must be connected.They write without interruption pen off the paper.The gap between the two signs must be half measures.Marked with the letter "p", "n", "b", which stand at the beginning of words, written with the left circulation.
signs corresponding to the writing of a word, are interconnected by means of the same features, as is done in longhand.If an image with verbatim record was written incorrectly, it is not correct, but simply cross out using the slash.
in cursive apply not exist in the language punctuation.Verbatim records contain only the dash and dot.Used as an exclamation and question marks.As for the comma and quotation marks, they are used only in cases of extreme necessity.
Masters cursive
Specialist shorthand can be not only a woman.Often this technique is owned and representatives of the stronger sex.But despite this, in the last century strengthened the belief that the cursive - a purely female profession.What are the basic requirements for these specialists?
stenographer - a professional, which is responsible for recording the spoken language with the help of a specially developed system of signs.The responsibilities of these professionals include reducing fixing all that pronounced in real time, that is reflected on the paper carried a conversation or speech.The stenographer must be able to decipher and that will be reflected on paper, leaving a record in readable form.
In this regard, it is clear that the cursive - it's not just any reduction that is able to come up with a man only for themselves.It is a certain system of special characters.In this regard, you should first learn shorthand.
Where and when demand for such specialists?Stenographer needed at meetings, meetings and conferences, which have to be drawn up appearances.At first sight, this work seems to be uncreative and monotonous.However, representatives are required to have a degree considered outstanding personal and professional qualities.First of all, the stenographer must be able to focus, in addition, she needs a good memory, a perfect knowledge of the language, accuracy and communication skills.
It is said that the cursive can not only facilitate the work, but also be of great benefit and time savings.The study of this discipline contributes to the overall development of a person, significantly enriching his vocabulary, which is replenished when writing a variety of texts.
