Today on the territory of the leading countries of the world were laid nearly a million kilometers of railways.Think of many developments to improve rail transport from trains moving from electricity to trains, which move on a magnetic cushion, without touching the rails.Some
invention become part of our lives, while others have remained at the level of plans.For example, the development of locomotives, which would move to nuclear power, but because of the high risk to the environment and the large financial costs they were never built.
now developed the world's first railway for gravitational train which will move due to its inertia and gravity.
have great potential of rail transport.Invent new ways of transportation by rail, even though that seems to be in the area all have long invented.
origin of rail transport
The earliest railroads began to appear in the middle of the 16th century throughout Europe.It could not be called by rail to the fullest.By paths we traveled trolley pulled by a horse.
Basically, these roads were used on the work of stone in mines and quarries.They were made of wood, and the horses could carry a weight on them much more than the usual way.
But these tracks was a major drawback: they quickly wore out, and went to the wagon tracks.In order to reduce the wear on wood, steel or cast iron used iron bars to strengthen.
first railway rails which are made entirely of cast iron, steel used only in the 18th century.
first railway public
world's first railway line for passenger transportation was built in England, 27 October 1825.It connects the cities of Stockton and Darlington, and initially it was assumed that it will transport coal from the mines to the port Stokona.
railway project engineer George Stephenson was engaged, who has already had experience of operating and managing railways Kilinguorete.To begin the construction of the road, we had to wait for approval by the Parliament for four years.In innovation had many opponents.The owners of the horses did not want to lose their income.
The first part, which was carrying passengers, was converted from coal trolleys.And in 1833 for rapid transportation of coal road completed to Middlesbrough.
In 1863, the road was a part of the North-Eastern Railway, which to this day is in operation.
Railroad underground
world's first railway, which took place under the ground, a breakthrough in the field of public transport.The first British built it.The need for a subway appeared at a time when the people of London are fully acquainted with the traffic jams.
In the first half of the 19th century in the central streets of the city there were clusters of different carts.So we decided to "relieve" traffic flows through the creation of a tunnel underground.
London underground tunnel project was invented by Frenchman Marc Brunel Izambard, who resided in the UK.
Construction of the tunnel was completed in 1843.At first it was used only as a pedestrian crossing, but later the idea was born underground.And 10 January 1893 the grand opening of the first underground railway.
She used locomotive traction, and the length of routes was only 3.6 kilometers.The average number of passengers was 26 thousand people.
In 1890 there was a modification of the composition, and they do not move on steam-powered and electricity.
Magnetic railroad
world's first railway line on which the train moved on an air cushion, was patented in 1902 by the German Alfred Zeydenom.Attempts have been made in the construction of many countries, but the first was presented at the International Exhibition of Transport in Berlin in 1979.She worked only three months.
trains on magnetic rail move without touching the rails, and only the braking force for the composition - is the power of drag.
Today, magnetic levitation trains can not compete with the railroad and underground, because, despite the high speed of movement and quiet (some trains can reach speeds of up to 500 km / h) have a number of disadvantages.
First, require large financial investments for the creation and maintenance of magnetic roads.Secondly, the magnetic levitation train.Third, the electromagnetic field causes great harm to the environment.And, fourthly, it has a magnetic railway track infrastructure is very complicated.
In many countries, including the Soviet Union, had planned the creation of such roads, but later rejected the idea.
Railways in Russia
first in Russia full predecessor railroads have been applied in the Altai region in 1755 - it was a wooden rail in the mines.
In 1788 in Petrozavodsk built the first railroad to plant needs.For passenger traffic in 1837 came the railway St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo.On it went compositions steam-powered.
Later, in 1909, Tsarskoye Selo railway became part of the Imperial line, which connected the Tsarskoye Selo with all the lines of the St. Petersburg railway.
