In describing the political system and the institutions of the European powers in the Middle Ages, we often encounter the term "estate monarchy."This form of government was typical for France, Russia, Germany and so on. D. This article will discuss what "estate monarchy," look at its features and the embodiment of the examples of medieval countries.
definition
monarchy - a form of government in which the supreme power is in the hands of one person and is inherited.Traditionally, it is divided into several types: absolute, feudal, patrimonial, caste representative, theocratic.So what is the estate monarchy?It is a form of government which had been circulated in the Western powers in the Middle Ages.It is characterized by the participation of representatives of different (or the same) classes in the Government.These bodies are able to carry out legislative and advisory functions.
Feature
1. The limited power of the monarch.
2. The division of the state's population into estates.
3. Centralize management.
4. The presence of politically active people from different social classes.
5. Separation of state management functions between the monarch and the representative body.
In order to better understand what the estate monarchy, it should consider the characteristics of the examples of medieval countries.
estate monarchy in England
This form of control has developed in England in the XIII century.Until that time, the country has already crystallized feudal estates.The top of the company consisted of barons.A significant role in the economic life of England began to play the nobility.In addition, their positions have strengthened the gentry and the urban elite.When John Lackland feudal estates began to fight against the supreme power.Already in the 60-ies.XIII century.She grew into a civil war.The outcome of this struggle was the creation in 1295 "model" of Parliament.It consisted of large religious and secular feudal lords.During the caste representative monarchy functions of the British Parliament were to determine the amount of taxes and in the control of senior individuals.Later this body received the right to participate in making laws.In the XIV century.when Edward III Parliament was divided into two chambers: the Lords and the Commons.The first consisted of the knights and burghers, the second - from the barons or hereditary peers (in a later period).
estate monarchy in France
first estate-representative body of the country was created in the time of Philip IV.From 1484, he became known as the States General.It should be noted that this body was in close union with the royal power, and in fact expressed its interests.As part of the States-General were represented by three French estates (the clergy, the nobility and the "third").King is usually used to support the States-General in different situations.He even asked the opinion of the estates of the laws, but their adoption is not required the consent or approval of this body.General States could also apply to the representative of the supreme authority requests or protests.People from different social classes gathered and discussed separately.This does not preclude conflict between social groups.Since the end of the XIII century.France begin to gather provincial (local) states.An important role among them in the XV century.Paris played a parliament.
estate monarchy in Russia
In Russia, such a form of government there in 1569, when Ivan the Terrible called the first Cathedral.It should be noted that the formation in this state was representative of the features.In contrast to the European powers, Russia Zemsky Sobor not restrict the power of the king.This authority included the Boyar Duma, consecration of the cathedral and the number of elected officials from the burghers and nobles.Bodies estate monarchy in Russia convened a special order of the king.Zemsky Sobor was called to discuss important national issues.They make decisions on foreign and fiscal policies, as well as the elected head of state.So, Boris Godunov, V. Shumsky and M. Romanov ascended the throne at the invitation of the Provincial Council.
Since the 30s of the XVI century.in Russia there was a writ system.Most actively it was formed during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.Orders were also judicial and administrative authorities and set up all territorial units.
estate monarchy in Germany
main estate-representative body of power in Germany was the Reichstag.Unlike similar institutions in England and France, it consisted solely of "imperial officials" who could not become a spokesman for the interests of all the people.Reichstag took shape in the XIV century.and included three Curia: the imperial princes, electors, imperial cities.The main role in public life played first.Curia imperial cities did not have a casting vote in any matters.Its activity was subordinated to the policy of the princes.
Reichstag emperor convened twice a year.Representatives of different curiae going and make decisions separately.Strictly defined functions in the Reichstag was not.This body, together with the Emperor was discussing foreign policy, military, financial, or territorial issues.However, its influence on state affairs was minimal.
Conclusions
So, to understand what the estate monarchy, it is necessary to analyze the functioning of the examples of the different countries.The examination by the State representative bodies formed to XIII - XV centuries.In their composition, as a rule, consisted of representatives of all classes.However, during the adoption of any decisions it was the key word for the nobility and clergy.
