This article focuses on such a concept, as a means of communication offers.Related proposals form text.Therefore, in order to better understand this topic, you must first define the notion of "text".With this and begin.
What text?
text is a product of the speech, which consists of a series of joint structure and common sense and are located in a particular sequence offers.It may be transmitting the basic idea and the title of the subject statements.Leading issue in a large text is divided into several microtia, which usually corresponds to a paragraph.Connectivity is an important feature of the text.The following sentence is always based on the previous one.
Signs text
can distinguish the following text attributes:
- presence of the main ideas and themes;
- possibility or presence of a title;
- mandatory semantic link between its proposals;
- presence of their sequence;
- use different language of communication between the individual proposals.
All these features must be present in order to be able to say that the text before us.
Different means of communication in the text
Different means of communication are proposals to text reached grammatical and semantic relatedness.They are divided into syntax, morphology and vocabulary.Let us more detail on each of them.
Lexical means of communication offers
- words belonging to the same thematic group.For example: "The winter is long and severe in these parts. Frost sometimes reach 50 degrees. Until June snow. Snowstorms happen, even in April."
- lexical repetitions (ie, repeats phrases and words), including the use of single-root.This repetition of words or expressions.In a speech this technique is used as a bright and popular means of expression.It is used to achieve coherence and accuracy of the text, saves the entire length of the unity of the subject.The different genres and styles of lexical repetitions are used in different ways.So, for official and business and scientific texts is the main means to create a connection.The description also often use repetitive.Examples include the following: "After reading the book, they had a long discussion. In that book turned out to be what they have been waiting for. Not in vain turned their expectations."
- Synonymous substitutions and synonyms (including contextual, descriptive and synonymous turnover and genus-species designation).Typically, these means of communication for proposals used when needed imagery, colorful speech: in the style of artistic or journalistic literature.Example: "Pushkin's work was particularly important for the further development of the Russian literary language. The great poet in his works managed to combine foreign language borrowing, high staroslavyanizmy and elements of colloquial speech live."They can bind not only separate proposals, but also act as a means of communication in a complex sentence, to avoid repetition.
- Opposites (including contextual).Example: "Others argue. Assents same enemies."
- phrases and words for certain logical connections, as well as summarizing, type: so, which is why, in conclusion, to summarize, it follows and others.Example: "A lot of salt contained in sea water. That's why it can not be used to prepare various dishes."
Morphological communications
- particles allied words and unions at the beginning of sentences.An example of where this is used a means of communication between the proposals: "Noise rain outside the window. In our house but cozy and warm."
- Using the index, personal (in the third person), and other pronouns as a substitute for the words of the previous sentence: "The man is not transmitted by inheritance language. He appears only in the process of interpersonal communication."
- Use adverbs of time and place that may be relevant in the sense to several proposals.They act at the same time as independent.An example of where such means of communication used words in the sentence: "the right could see the lake. Were shining its water. Smaller trees were green. Everywhere you are waiting for your peace of mind."
- unity of different temporary forms are used in the text of the predicate verb.An example of where this is used a means of communication between the proposals: "Suddenly it was night. It was very dark. Caught fire stars in the sky."
- use of adverbs and adjectives, different degrees of comparison.Example: "The place was great. It was better to come up and you can not" or "We climbed the mountain. It has already been there was nothing in the neighborhood."
Syntax communications
- syntactic parallelism, which implies the presence of the same word order and morphological registration Definite proposals members standing nearby.Example: "Childhood - carefree time. Maturity - serious it is time."Another example: "It has been the last day left until Christmas. There was a clear winter night. Rose month majestically into the sky, to shine throughout the world, and good people."Note that all three of these proposals are based on a "subject + verb".Text through such a reception as syntactic parallelism, it is accurate, "lean" in terms of structure.Same Location respective members, in addition, structures impart information and helps us to make connections between different phenomena.Syntactic parallelism occurs quite often in the text, but it should not be a special "come up": it is "seen" by the same traditional forms.Syntactic parallelism is used as a means of communication in a complex sentence between its parts.
- parceling (ie division) of different designs, the removal of any part of the proposal and its design (after the period) as a separate, independent incomplete."Love their country - it means to live a life with her. Suffers when it is heavy. Rejoice when Homeland holiday".
- use incomplete sentences in the text.Example: "Do you know what we think? About painting, music, literature."
- Using introductory sentences and words, rhetorical questions and appeals.Example: "It is necessary, first, to find out what is most important right now. Secondly, it is necessary to act immediately."
- use reverse or direct word order."I'll come in the morning. I'll come to see you."
- In the text, in addition to the above, can be used as associative or semantic connection parts.
These communications offerings are not strictly binding.Their use depends on the form of the narrative, the characteristics of the author's style, content topics.The union can not only contact, but also distant (can bind and proposals, remote from each other).It should be distinguished from those agents and communication parts of a complex sentence.They may vary, but may coincide with those used in simple.In particular, complex sentences frequently used means of communication such as conjunctions.They are used to join and simple sentences, although less frequently.
Methods of communication proposals in the text
continue to disclose the topic of interest to us.It should be noted that the methods and means of communication for proposals - different concepts.We have considered various means.We now turn to methods (otherwise referred to as views).They have two: parallel and chain link.Consider in greater detail each of the methods.
Chain link
chain (ie sequential) reflects the development of events, actions, thoughts, sequentially.The texts with this bond proposal compared with the preceding words and phrases they like to engage with each other.In every previous "new" becomes "data" for the proposal, following it.
proceeds of this type of communication are usually synonymous substitutions, repetitions, conjunctions, pronouns, semantic associations and relevant.It is used in the Russian language in all styles.It is the most common, the most massive way to connect to the text of the proposal.
Example: "Finally we got to the sea. It was very quiet and huge. The tranquility of this, however, was deceptive."
Parallel connection
Parallel connection is present when the proposals are contrasted or compared with each other, and do not bind.It is based on similar or identical in structure, that is, parallel structures, which are usually used for the same type and the verb-predicate.
first sentence in many texts, where there is parallel connection, it is for all subsequent "data."They develop and concretize the idea is expressed in it ("present" at the same time in all offers is the same, of course, except the first).
plant and equipment that are used for parallel connection: introductory words (last, first, etc.), Syntactic parallelism, adverbs of time and place (first, there, left, right, and others.).It is used most frequently in the narrative and description.
Example: "Forests are to healthier planet. They are not only gigantic laboratories that produce oxygen. They also absorb toxic gases and dust. They are therefore rightly considered the" lungs of our land ".
Conclusion
Thus, in this article we looked at the various ways and means of communication for proposals, which are used in the text to create a unity. Of course, we have listed the phenomena do not cover the entire diversity. In addition, it often happens that the texts used at the same time meansbelonging to different levels.
