Russian language has ever-changing vocabulary: some previously often common translations are now hardly used, while others are increasingly used by us.Examples of obsolete words and neologisms are numerous, which indicates the development of the language.
Such phenomena are closely linked to changes in society: a new word occurs with the emergence of a new concept, and if people do not turn to a certain object or phenomenon, it does not use the term that is used to designate it.In this article we consider obsolete words and neologisms, examples of their use, types and characteristics.
obsolete words: determination
obsolete words - is such that in a given period of time or very seldom used, or not used at all (for example, the right hand, son, a Red Army soldier, mouth, people's commissar).
Obsolescence words - is a process, so the different concepts may be at different stages.Still not released from active use, but used less frequently than in the past, the word referred to as "old language".
Neologisms and archaisms are used for different purposes.The latter are used, for example, naming events and objects, that is, perform nominative function (for example, scientific and historical works).In works of fiction dealing with historical themes, such vocabulary plays a nominative-stylistic role - not only serves to identify a particular realities, but also creates a certain flavor of the era.
The literary text outdated words can be used to indicate the time when the action is.Archaisms (and neologisms) may serve as a proper stylistic goal.Outdated words give the solemnity of the text, as means of expression.
Neologisms: definition
answer to the question about what neologisms, will also try to give examples.These are new, it has not yet become the everyday and familiar words.Their composition is constantly changing, some of neologisms take root in the Russian language, while others - not.For example, the word "companion" in the middle of the 20th century is a neologism.Every year, the media used tens of thousands of new terms and concepts, but not all of them are in daily use.Some are used only once in speech or some text, and others are included in the language and structure, using several times, lose their novelty.Certain new terms, failing to even enter the main lexical fund, immediately fell out of use and are already obsolete (such a fate, for example, the vocabulary of post-revolutionary years: compulsory education, zhendelegatka, delovod, kerenki).
methods of new words
obsolete words and neologisms of the Russian language - a very interesting phenomenon.Especially curious to know how there are new concepts.They occur in several ways:
- formation of lexical neologism (new term) of the existing language in the words of morphine and existing models: drywall, drive, fiber optic;
- borrowing a foreign word with the subsequent formation of a new language on the existing models of word formation: the scanner, scan, scan;
- form a new lexical meaning existing in the language of the term (in this sense of the word is called semantic neologisms) taking place, including with the help of tracing the meanings of words in another language: mouse - this device for computer input information, and the animal;Winchester - this device for storing information in a computer, and a rifle;
- some form stable combinations with the new value (including trace): motherboard, hard disk.
archaisms and historicism
Among disused vocabulary isolated archaisms and historicism.Outdated words and neologisms, examples of which are listed in this article, have a different fate.
It determines their use in speech and not "age": calling the necessary vital concepts and terms do not age for centuries, while others are quite fast archaizing, we stop to use them as the objects themselves, referred to these words disappear.For example, the education system in our country has changed, and therefore of the speech went terms such as cool lady Institute for Noble Maidens, schoolgirl, realist (in the sense of "real school student").
term "historicism"
Employees names have disappeared concepts of objects and phenomena of speech called historicism.All of the above terms refer to them.These words take up in our language a special position, because they are only symbols of obsolete items.In historicism, therefore, there can be no synonyms.The works of art, historical literature of the past, people are inevitably used because thanks to them recreated flavor of a particular era.These words give a description of the features of the historical authenticity of the past.
Thus, historicism - the words that we have ceased to be used due to the fact that they have gone designated events and objects: a caftan, Bursa, burgomaster.They are used mainly in the various texts describing the past (both artistic and scientific).
term "archaic"
archaisms - words that have fallen into a passive margin because they referred to, there are today phenomena, objects and concepts there are new titles.There are different types of them, depending on what kind of aspect of a word is out of date:
- lexical, if the word is out of date and no longer used his sound-letter complex, and the value is now indicated by a new unit of the vocabulary;
- semantic - in the case where a word exists in the modern language, but has lost a certain value or more of them ("belly strip");
- phonetic - if you change the shape of the sound of a term, reflected in his writing ("eighteen years");
- word-formation - when she LLC derivational structure of the word ("dripping poison");
- grammar - if some obsolete grammatical forms.
Archaisms nothing fundamentally no different from historicism.If the latter - is the name of some older subjects, the first - the common name of outdated concepts and phenomena that we encounter in everyday life.
Types archaisms
archaisms can distinguish among specific groups of words.Some of them are different from their commonly used synonyms of the specific features in the sound, sound combinations nepolnoglasnymi (young - old, gold - gold, city - hail Beach - Breg, crows - Vrana, a second data word pairs sound archaic).These obsolete words are called phonetic archaisms.These include terms such as klob (club in the modern lexicon) are numbered (number), Stora (curtain), goshpital (hospital) and other obsolete words and phrases in the Russian language, which can be found at the writers and poets of the 19th century.From their "rivals", they often differ in only one sound, at least - a few of them or the now obsolete accent.
As you can see from the examples, disused vocabulary is different degree of their archaic: some words still used in speech, such as poets, and others are known to us only on the works of literature of the past century.There are those who are forgotten today at all.
very interesting phenomenon - a certain archaism meaning of the word.
The result is the appearance of its meaning, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words that are used in an obsolete, unusual significance for us.Their knowledge helps to understand the true language of classical literature.
How are neologisms
We have already answered the question about what neologisms, examples of which were cited above.Now we find out how they appear in the Russian language.What comes quickly: archaisms and neologisms?Let's face it.
rate of appearance of different layers in such language as obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are proposed in this article.Much harder and faster the process of replenishment of new lexical composition of the language.In recent years, about 15-20 years, there have been great changes in the history of our country, which is reflected directly on the state language of the Russian language.By neologisms that appeared at this time, include such education, which did not exist before, not only in the literary language, but also in all other areas of its use (regional and social dialects, functional styles).Only with the restructuring in the vocabulary of the entered terms such as Agrobank (ie land bank), corporatization (transformation into a corporation of public enterprise by the issue and sale of various actions), address (addressed to a specific group of people), antirynochnik (ie enemy transitionto a market economy) and hyperinflation (inflation, a rapidly growing and threatening economic collapse) and some others.
Types neologisms
As you can see, obsolete words contrasted with neologisms.The new unit vocabulary in their formedness are either single words (lesseeship, anti-Stalinism, audiotape, ATM gang) or compound names (UFO - Flying Saucer, the poverty line - a certain level of welfare of the population, providing a minimal amount of consumption of basic material goods).
Such lexical neologisms are considered.It may be noted here and phraseological that are newly emerging sustainable combination of words, for example: to enable the printing press (ie start additional printing of paper money, which is not provided by the production of goods), hang noodles on the ears (meaning "to introduce someone into error") and others.
Lexical and phraseological neologisms are idioms, compound terms and words.
Four groups of neologisms
As you can see, the functions of obsolete words and neologisms are different.On the role of the first, we have already mentioned.All the new words in their purpose can be divided into four main groups.
The first one includes the names of concepts and realities, which earlier in the life of the people did not exist revivalists - followers of pseudo-patriotic movement in Russia, seeking its revival, a grant - some subsidies, which are a form of additional financial support for scientific research and others.
second group of neologisms created to describe phenomena already have a place in public life, but not received for some reason, such as ideological, their designations: vozvraschenets - voluntary return from exile to their homeland, non-judicial - which is outside the proceedings, Lenin, command-byurokratichesky and others.
third group consists of pointing to the reality, in real life do not exist, but perhaps in the fantasies projected in the further development of technology and science: spaceship, nuclear winter, a cyborg.
The fourth and last group consisting of lexical items, duplicate words with certain lexical meaning.They include ideographic (full) synonyms, identical in color and stylistic value: thoughtful - weighted, statist - statists, historical - fateful, almost slavish subservience - allegiance.
mezhstilevaya peculiar and particular style of speech, neologisms neologisms
field of use are basically mezhstilevaya, that is used in all styles of speech (Intergirl, image, case, yogurt, exempt, liberal-democratic, drug trafficking, inter-bank).However, some of their characteristic of a particular style: journalistic (dissenter, rollback, drug lord, integrator, balance), scientific (biolokator, the aura, the ozone hole, radioecology, clone), business (the dealer, depositary, natural monopoly) or spoken (Photocopier,compromising, cash, cheat, bad luck, strained).
We responded to a question about what is obsolete words and neologisms.Examples of these can result in very different, in this article were listed only some of them.In fact, those and others represent a significant body language.There are even special dictionaries, you can find other examples of obsolete words and neologisms.
