Many are accustomed to perceive the way it is in the form in which it is presented right now.However, the nature millions of years involved in its formation.Initially, the surface was a rock.Over time, she was subjected to erosion, the impact of rain and minerals.The remains of the first and subsequent plant enriches the soil with humus.Thanks to these metamorphoses top layer increased, becoming a better composition and structure.By geological reasons mechanical and chemical characteristics vary over the entire surface.The soil - the soil, the diversity of rocks, technological education.All this for a long time been obёktom engineering and human activities.
Classification
There are several basic types of soil.These include, in particular, include:
- monolithic rock and semi rigid with structural links.
- particulate, separately-grained without strong structural connecting.Connected - clay, incoherent - coarse.
primer is applied in the construction of the base buildings, engineering structures, as well as in the coating of roads, embankments and dams.Well suited for the creation of underground channels: tunnels, warehouses and more.Soil science - the science field of study which is ground.
Types of soils and their properties
To build a reliable foundation you need to take into account the physical quality of the soil, which is located at the bottom.Basic information table contains soil.Before starting work, to be Implemented calculation of ground resistance.In assessing its technical suitability should be considered aspects such as:
- uniformity.
- into account must be taken and the coefficient of friction parts by weight of soil of each other.
- Max water absorption, as well as its initial stock.
- ability of soil to keep them absorbed the liquid, despite the efforts made for its removal.
- erodibility and water solubility, compressibility, razryhlyaemost, ductility and the like characteristics.
- Coupling and the shape and size of the particles.In this case, it means the strength of the bonds held by the soil.
Types soils are divided into two broad categories that are distinct in structure, physical properties, and methods development.Also refers to intermediate groups ruined rocky formations.They are composed of unrelated or connected adulterated stones.The last are called conglomerates.
loose structure
This group consists sandy soil types, which dries to not lose their volume.In its pure form, they are almost insignificant relationship between the particles.Also included here and clay.It is able to increase its volume when wet, and depending on the humidity can have a good connection.Sands does not have plasticity.After applying power, they immediately shrink, but they do not retain the imparted shape.But clay is easily amenable to modification.It is under the influence of an external force rather slowly, but strongly compressed.
Rock structure
It cemented and welded between a rock.Externally, these structures represent a continuous array or fractured layer.Saturated water, they show a high percentage of the compressive strength.These structures are readily soluble in water and razmyagchimy.They are well suited as a basis for the foundation due to its durability, resistance to compression and frost.The undoubted advantage of these structures is the fact that they do not require additional autopsy and burial.
conglomerates and neskalnye structure
Most of these are neskreplёnnye coarse crystalline and sedimentary rocks.These structures are able to withstand the construction of several floors.On these grounds carried tab strip foundation, the depth of which at least half a meter.On the territory of the Russian Federation is a lot of varieties of rock structures that have a variety of physical properties.
loose structure
should be noted that soil, sand is considered to be fairly common structure.What is this category?The soil composition includes a mixture of grain granular quartz, and other materials that have emerged due to the weathering of rock particles of very small size.These structures are divided into several subgroups.This, in particular, gravelly, medium and large, dusty rock.All these structures are easily design, are highly vodopropuskaemostyu, under pressure from a well-sealed.When laying the sand evenly on the density and volume can lay a good foundation for further development.Using the maximum of its characteristics will happen in the event that the level is above the freezing groundwater.All this depends on the characteristics of the region, in which the construction.Compression sand occurs in the short term, and thus precipitate such a structure would not require a lot of time.Its particle size is directly proportional to the ability to withstand stress.The particle size of sand dust varies from 0.005 to 0.05 mm.It will not be a good basis to build as bad cope with high loads.Sandy soil is able to sink under the pressure.Also, he almost did not freeze and easily pass water.If the foundation is based on such a basis, it must be laid at a depth not exceeding 70 cm, but no less than forty centimeters.
Plastic structure.Subcategory
plastic characteristics of soils allow to divide them into several groups.Consider the major ones.Loose structure in which the content of 5-10% of clay, called sandy loam.Some of them upon dilution with water becomes fluid similar to the fluid.Because of this, a primer is also called floaters.These structures are not suitable for base foundation.Loam in its composition are from 10 to 30% clay.There are light, medium and heavy.These indicators provide an intermediate position between these soils with clay and sand.
natural material for the foundation
physical characteristics of the soil are of great importance in the construction of buildings.Not on every rock you can build a building.In contrast to the granular structure, the clay has a high compressibility.At the same time under a load of the compaction process is quite slow.Accordingly, the sludge buildings on this ground will take longer.Combined soil layers - from rock and loose structure - no resistance to liquefaction.Because of this, they have low bearing capacity.The primer composition includes minute particles, whose size does not exceed 0,005 mm.This structure also contains a small amount of loose particles.Clay is easily amenable to compression and dithering.Compacted over the years, this structure will serve as an excellent basis for laying the foundation of the house.However, there are a number of reservations, because in a state of nature almost impossible to meet the clay dry.
Small breed structure promotes the formation of capillary action.It leads to a constant wet clay.But the disadvantage of this kind of structure is not in its moisture content, and heterogeneity.She does not pass water.Because of this, the liquid is distributed via various groundwater contaminants.At low temperatures, the clay begins to freeze to the building, which leads to its expansion.This contributes to raising the foundation.Humidity clay uneven.In turn, this means that it will rise in each place in different ways.All this leads to the destruction of the building.In some places more, in other slightly, but the entire surface on the foundation ground impact.Types of ground, depending on the properties that affect different bases.
macroporous structure
This is a separate category, which is formed by clay soils.The name of the macroporous they received thanks to the large spaces between the particles.The pores are visible to the naked eye.When considering one can see that they are much higher than the skeleton of the soil.This structure includes loess material.In their structure there are more than 50% of dust particles.These structures are widespread in the south of Russia and the Far East.Under the influence of moisture and soak this breed becomes unstable.If the initial stage of the clay soil formed because of structural sediment in the water, which was attended by microbiological processes, it is called silt.They are most often found in swampy and marshy areas and in the area of peat.If the base is being built on the territory in which the probability of the presence of loess and silt, it should take the necessary measures to strengthen the building.
Determination of consistency in the area
structure of clay soils is determined by the development of a shovel visually.For example, the tool will snap the plastic mixture.Quite differently himself will lead a firm ground.Types of soils are determined by rolling them into the cable or rubbing his hands.So it is possible to assess their plasticity.Clay soils are well-compressed, blurred and swell during freezing.These structures are among the most demanding and unfavorable for the construction of the foundation.On the basis of such areas should be based on the full depth of frost penetration.Evaluation of soil structure on the site is done by watering.Note the time the absorption of water from the surface.If absorption takes place in a second, the structure of rocky or sandy.Quite quickly it takes the water and wet peaty breed.But on the surface of the clay soil liquid delayed.
Then type some dry layer slightly and squeeze it in your hand.If the structure is broken up into grains or leaked through my fingers, it's rocky or sandy rock.Clay is easily amenable to compression and locks in the form of lumps.I feel it is quite slippery.If the soil seems to soapy, silky and not so much compressed, it is likely she or silty loam.Peaty structure similar to a sponge.
How to determine the structure of the home?
full tablespoon of the soil is placed in a glass of clean water.It is necessary to stir and leave.After a few hours you can see the result.If the bottom of the layered sediment, and the water itself is relatively clean, you have added loamy soil.Sand, rocks on the bottom and the clear liquid - is another structure.Rather, it is a rock.In particular, it can be sandy or rocky soil.Grayish water and whitish grains typical for the limestone structure.Peaty soils make the water cloudy.On the surface thus will float fragments thin and light, and at the bottom a small precipitate appears.If the water clay and silt, it becomes cloudy.At the same time at the bottom of a thin sediment.
The pH
soil can be divided depending on the degree of acidity.Thus, a pH gradient structure are weakly acid, neutral or slightly alkaline.At the last level of acidity of soil varies from 6.5 to 7.0.It is great for garden plants, including vegetables, contributes to more rapid growth and development.Acidic soil has a performance of 4.0 to 6.5, but 7.0 to 9.0 - this is the alkaline structure.In addition to these, there are extreme point of the scale - from 1 to 14, but in practice they European horticultural almost never occur.Knowledge of these data is necessary for the correct selection of plants on land.Soil acidity can be reduced due to the mixing structure with lime.To raise the pH to help organic conditioners.However, the latter process has a rather high cost.In this connection, in areas with alkaline soil acidophiles can be grown in containers and tubs are filled with acid structure.
Growing plants
When selecting the soil for planting should focus on such things as:
- Scope of application.There is ground for flowers, plants and garden and versatile.It is possible to purchase peat.It all depends on the purpose for which the soil is necessary, what cultural or ornamental crops will be grown on it.
- plant species.If you're going to grow the representatives of the same category, then the best choice will be a special ground for him.But if a few, will approach universal.
- consumption volume.
to soil mix was more loose, use vermiculite.To the roots do not rot from the stagnant water at the bottom of the planting laid drainage layer.For cacti and other plants soil mixed with granular structure.If planting takes place in barren places, it will help improve the quality of turf.The hydrogel improves the moisture and room air processes.To decrease the pH using charcoal.It is added to the soil for colors (for example, orchids) and other plants.
Useful impurities
Vegetable soil structure, mainly used in landscaping.But the scope of the structures with various "useful" impurities is much wider because of the inclusion of the stones, clay and other components.What percentage of the necessary beneficial ingredients?Typically, fertile soil is a combination of 50% peat, 30% black earth and 20% sand.Thus, it includes a high content of organic compounds and minerals.The soil is highly fertile waterproof.This structure provides complete nutrition of crops, regardless of their stage of growth.
on agro enterprises, farms and on private plots of fertile soil is used quite actively.It copes well with the objectives of which are put in the cultivation of cultural plants.Of particular importance is that it improves soil structure, increases productivity.In addition to that, such a mixture does not require additional use of fertilizers.
How to improve soil structure?
For poor stony and sandy soils used overrotten manure mixed with straw.Giving preference to the best of the horses, rather than cows.It contributes to the delay of moisture and mineral components from the plant root system.However, fresh manure can not be added.For these purposes may be used in a garden compost.A mixture of rotted horse manure, peat and lime mushroom called compost.If the neutral soils need to create a slightly alkaline reaction, such a mixture is perfect.Leaf mold is suitable for plants that need acid soil, ie moisture-loving acidophiles.Conditioning, mulches and acidified the land.For these purposes may be used wood chips and sawdust.For the oxidation of peat soil is used.It rapidly decomposed, but is substantially free of nutrients.In winter you can use feathers, which are rich in phosphorus.Also, they are added to the areas where you want to planting potatoes.In order to improve the water permeability and the structure of clay soils, use chopped wood.Bark mulch is also used for, by the appearance and qualities.It is advisable to use the air conditioner at the same time or instead of organic fertilizers.Land soil, are scheduled to plant, dig and mix with them for several months before planting.For fertilizer plants already planted soil enriching mulch layer of conditioning of organic materials with fertilizers at the beginning and end of the season.
