early as 1902 in Paris was released for the first time a legal act concerning the protection of fauna - a convention that regulated the protection of birds, used in agriculture.Environmental issues are now particularly acute in our lives.But the problem has existed for a long time.So many nations have decided to get together and create international agreements on environmental protection.Give examples of some of them we are in this article.
Ramsar
The purpose of this agreement is the legal protection of the environment and the preservation of our planet wetland resources.Within its framework in 1971 it was adopted by the international agreements on environmental protection.It happened in the Iranian city of Ramsar.The Convention describes the items that each country taking part in it, and the International Committee may help to protect the inhabitants of the wetland environment:
- establishment of national protected wetlands in each country.
- recognition of their traditional and cultural significance.
- Encourage regular measures to maintain water quality, fisheries, agriculture and recreation.
- Enhanced public participation in the protection of resources.
- Strengthening knowledge and improving education in the field of wetland resources.
members of the Convention continued to meet regularly around the world to review and scale up resource security.In 1987, the Canadian city of Regina (Saskatchewan) was amended.
legal regulation types
agreement on the maintenance of biological diversity was adopted in Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992 This multilateral agreement brings few major goals, which included in other international agreements on the protection of the environment.Examples of these goals:
- conservation of biological diversity;
- renewable use of its components;
- fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources.
In other words, the object of the agreement is the development of national strategies for the conservation and proper use of biological diversity.This convention is also included in international agreements on the protection of the environment, examples of which are in the article.2010 was declared the International Year of Biodiversity.
Helsinki Convention
Helsinki Convention was adopted to protect the marine environment in the Baltic Sea.The first international agreement on the protection of the environment within its framework were signed in 1974, countries such as Denmark, Finland, West and East Germany, Poland, the USSR and Sweden, and came into force May 3, 1980 The second convention was signed in 1992Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and Sweden.Participating countries, to adopt an international agreement for the protection of the environment, have committed themselves to organize all the necessary measures to prevent and reduce pollution in order to assist in the restoration of the ecological balance of the Baltic Sea.Also, a set of measures to prevent or minimize the damage caused to the environment of the accident.
organic pollutants
Convention on them was signed in 2001 in Stockholm, and entered into force in May 2004. Its aim was the removal or reduction of the production of these pollutants.Key points of the agreement on environmental protection include the requirements for the developed countries to provide additional financial resources and measures to eliminate production and use of intentionally produced POPs, and eliminating unintentionally produced POPs, where feasible, and correct waste disposal.
UN Convention on climate change (UNFCCC)
This agreement, which was signed by more than 180 countries, was adopted at the "Earth Summit" in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro and came into force on 21 March 1994. The Framework Convention- an international environmental agreement (currently it is the only international agreement on climate policy with broad legitimacy), discussed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).Its purpose is to establish a sustainable level of greenhouse gas concentrations that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.The Treaty itself does not set mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual nations and contained no enforcement mechanisms.In legal terms, the convention is not considered mandatory.Instead, the agreement provides a framework for the creation of a special document that contains specific international agreements on the protection of the environment (the so-called protocols), with which you can set binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions.
the Kyoto Protocol under the UNFCCC
After signing the UNFCCC member countries gathered for a conference to discuss how to achieve the goals of the treaty.Further discussion led to the creation of the Kyoto Protocol.He is also included in international agreements on environmental protection, and sets emission reduction targets for developed countries, which are binding under international law.
the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)
It was the first multilateral disarmament agreement banning the production of an entire category of weapons.The Convention was the result of a long work of the international community to create a new document, which could be supplemented by the 1925 Geneva Protocol (which, in turn, prohibits only the use but not the possession of chemical and biological weapons, or distribute it).The draft BWC, presented by the British, was signed on 10 April 1972 and entered into force on March 26, 1975 It requires 172 of the State party as of December 2014 to ban the development, production and stockpiling of biological and toxin weapons.Nevertheless, the absence of any formal verification regime limits the effectiveness of the Convention.Briefly about the contents of this agreement we can say the following:
- Never, under any circumstances, to acquire or retain biological weapons.
- destroy or divert to peaceful purposes biological weapons and associated resources.
- transfer to anyone biological weapons, not to assist in its acquisition and preservation.
- take any national measures necessary for the implementation of the BWC in the domestic market.
- Counseling bilaterally and multilaterally on issues related to the implementation of the BWC.
- create queries in the UN Security Council to investigate alleged violations of the Convention and to respect its subsequent decisions.
- Assist States endanger the violation of the BWC.
- do everything possible to promote the peaceful uses of biological science and technology.
Treaty on the protection of migratory birds in 1918
This document is also included in international agreements on environmental protection.According to the charter, it declared unlawful harassment, hunting, fishing, capture, killing or sale of birds included in it (migratory birds).The Charter does not specify the difference between the living and dead birds, but also extends to the feathers, eggs and nests.In a list of over 800 species recorded.
CITES (SITES)
Sites- - a Convention, signed in 1973 in Washington and entered into force on 1 July 1975 on the sale of wild flora and fauna, which are currently under threat of extinction.This is one of the largest and oldest of the existing agreements in history.This international convention regulates and monitors the trade in certain animal and plant species.It was developed a special licensing system for controlling all imports, exports and re-exports.Each party to the Convention is to create a single body (or more) control, which would be responsible for the management of the licensing system, as well as at least one scientific body to advise on the impact of trade on specific species of animal or plant world.Under the protection of Sites- are approximately 5,000 animal species and 29,000 plant species.Each of them can be found in the Annex to the Convention, as well as the degree of threat and limits for the trade.
international agreements on environmental protection in Russia
In our country, taking the necessary measures to preserve the ecological balance.Russia, like other countries, has actively supported international agreements on environmental protection.Give examples can be as follows: 1979 - Air Pollution Convention (cross-border), 1992 - Convention for protecting the Black Sea from pollution, since 2011 - an Organic Pollutants, and many others.
