Winter crops in intensive farming techniques of cultivation are able to harvest up to 60-80 kg / ha.To achieve such results, it is necessary to carry out seedbed preparation without disturbing the technology, to comply with the terms of sowing, the best way to use the crop for a particular farm and ensure good care of the plants during growth and maturation.Then the death of winter crops can be reduced to the minimum figure.
concept of winter and spring crops
Winter crops - cereals annuals, most cereal families.Such plants during their life require hibernation for a period of several months.Sow winter crops need to fall, and after the winter harvest.These types of plants are winter wheat, barley and rye.
addition to winter crops, there are spring bread.In contrast to the winter crop spring need to sow spring crop harvested in the year of sowing.This annual plant requires higher temperatures and warm spring sun.These types of crops are spring wheat, barley, rye, oats, millet and many other varieties.
Advantages of winter crops
spring and winter crops are widely used in agriculture, the variety of these plants are used for animal feed, flour milling and further human consumption.
However, winter forms of plants are valued more becausehave a mass of biological advantages:
- winter crops able to accumulate more useful mass develops during the period of wintering strong root system.
- after experiencing winter plants quickly go to the growth.They take root much earlier and thus ripen earlier.
- weeds of winter crops is not an obstacle: they successfully overtake them in the growth and development and just drown them with his weight.
In addition, the autumn planting and early harvesting permit to unload the tension of agricultural work.
proper planting time increases hardiness of winter crops
Winter crops have a high frost resistance and winter hardiness.Winter hardiness allows the plant adaptation to the conditions of winter.Typically, this property depends on the kind of crop.However, much depends on the human factor: it is important to prepare the plant for winter and use high-quality agricultural techniques.Winter hardiness is achieved through hardening, which takes place in two stages.The first stage takes place in autumn when warm temperatures 8-15 degrees.The second stage covers the period of the end of the autumn, it is weak cold temperature is lowered to 5 degrees.
first phase is responsible for the increased accumulation of carbohydrates in plants.At the end of the first period, various sugars contained in the culture is 2-3 times greater than in the early period.Carbohydrates plant will use the spring to help the strong growth and development.Additionally, sugar perform important protective function.
During the second phase of the plant tissues are dehydrated, changes the composition of plant cells.Undergoing changes and kistochny juice, which helps to achieve hardiness.When the first frosts of up to 5 degrees of plant cells is a mere matter increases osmosis inside cells.Culture longer holds water and increases its suction force of roots.At the time of completion of the second stage of hardening in the cells of winter crops appear necessary conditions for hypothermia.Complex compounds are broken down into simpler substances.
winter crops depends on the climatic characteristics of individual regions.In the northern regions produce a crop in August, in the south - in September or October.The main principle - to allow for wintering plants to strengthen the root system, and successfully pass the hardening stage.Do not rush to planting: plants are more susceptible to various diseases and bacteria.However, the belated winter crops before the frost did not have time to develop a strong root system and prepare for the winter.It was found that for the normal development and establishment of cultures takes about 45-60 days with temperatures below 5 degrees Celsius.
wheat crop should be done much earlier sowing of rye.This is due to the fact that after sowing rye still continues to grow, while wheat has it stopped.
methods of sowing of winter crops
There are several ways of sowing of winter crops.Basically, you need to stick to this rule: it is necessary to provide a uniform distribution of seeds over the entire area of the field.Broadcast sowing of winter crops creates the most favorable conditions for the maturation of each of the plants.For this method of planting a special device - a seeder.However, this method significantly slows the production of sowing, which leads to its use in the smallest mass crops.
soldier sowing of winter crops can be divided into several types depending on the width between rows:
- normal (the width between rows 15-18 cm);
- closed drills (width between rows of 7.5-9 cm);
- cross (pass drills up and down);
- shirokorjadnyj (width between rows 45-90 cm);
- belt (alternating wide and narrow rows);
- dotted (uniform single location seeds).
There is also a square-cluster type of crop, which have the seeds in the corners of a square.
are commonly used in the production of a normal crop of solid, but closed drills planting is considered more successful option.Because soil compaction by travel tractors on the field began to practice crop with residual width for the process.The size of a track is 180 or 140 cm. This technique does not harm the crop, and does not injure the soil, which improves conditions for growing winter crops.
seedbed preparation after steam cultures
tillage for winter crops produced by the method zjablevoj.This form provides for plowing in the autumn, and peeling 1-2.Plowing should be carried out to a depth of 20-22 cm. Spring works for winter crops should start with the closing of moisture.During this period, it is desirable to 4-5 cultivation with harrowing or in the dry season by rolling with.The final cultivation must take place at a depth of seeding.
Winter grain crops require special preparation of the soil: plowing using plows and harrows with skimmers and ringed rollers.After carrying out such work the soil must be maintained in a clean and a loosened before sowing of winter crops.This type of tillage is performed after steam predecessors.
seedbed preparation after nonfallow
crops cultivated soils after nonfallow plants must be in accordance with the technology of cultivation of the previous crop.After spiked species common to use poluparovoe cultivation of the soil, if the conditions of humidity of the soil.The work should include about 2-3 cultivations.On dry soils carried out a preliminary cut, and then repeatedly plowed field with harrowing and packing.After collecting perennials necessary to plowing with coulters, if the soil moisture at a sufficient level.
If the field before that was grown peas, flax or other cereal crops, you must make plowing, and before seeding cultivation in the same manner as usual.
method of minimum tillage
There is a method of minimum tillage for winter crops.At the same time the soil is processed at the lowest possible depth while performing other operations.This treatment allows to reduce time and energy consumption for processing, as well as reduce the number of passes through the field equipment.This greatly improves the agrochemical and water-physical characteristics of the soil.
To perform this type of processing using special combined machines with disk or ploskoreznoj details.Such devices in a single pass and can loosen, and level and compact the soil.
What can be caused by the death of winter crops?
Causes of death of winter crop variety.In the life of the plant could affect both natural conditions and mechanical damage.Natural conditions due to extreme temperatures and high rainfall, strong and long frost, humidity and stagnant water on the surface of the soil.In addition, the winter crop may be exposed to fungal diseases.
freezing.How to prevent?
most common cause of death of winter crops - winterkill.Due to the low temperatures in the long plant cells formed ice.As a result, the cytoplasm of cells remains without water, and the protein is destroyed.The formation of ice inside the cells has a devastating impact on the life of plants.Especially dangerous spring frosts, aswinter species can not withstand temperatures as low as 8-10 degrees during this period.
To prevent the loss of winter crops due to their freezing out, you must sow only frost-resistant varieties adapted to a particular region of sowing or to land with windbreaks.
damping-off.How to prevent?
Another common cause of death of winter plants - damping-off.This occurs when the snow on the surface of the soil for a long time does not melt, and in incomplete freezing soil.In terms of soil freezing or incomplete formation of ice crust on the surface of winter plants come to life under the influence of light, but sunlight could not break through the ice crust.When damping-off of winter plants die from lack of light in the snow.In addition, the weakened lack of nutrients, the plants get sick snow mold.
To plants are not affected by damping-off, it should be compacted soil compactors, if fell early snow.It is necessary to avoid nitrogen fertilizer and early planting.In the case of heavy rainfall is necessary to accelerate the process of melting, loosening the snow.
waterlogging.Methods to combat waterlogging
as another reason for the death of plants usually occurs in the lowlands on clay soil or in places where the water often accumulates.Plants are dying because of violations of the processes of respiration: excessive spending carbohydrates to sustain life.Already in 2 weeks under these conditions the plants eventually die.In order to avoid the harmful effects of excess water, to carry out planting varieties resistant to flooding and the possibility to make removal of accumulated moisture.
plants often die because the formation of ice crusts.The most life-threatening plant transparent crust.She during the thaw, when melt water freezes at lower temperatures.Ice may form on the surface of the soil, and it deeply.Plants are trapped in the ice.To form an ice crust is not caused harm to plants, it is necessary to destroy in part or in its entirety.
To save dehydrated plants and avoid other major problems for the growth of crops, the soil must be processed in a timely manner, and use packing of spring.
death of winter crops from diseases and pests
To prevent winter deaths from diseases or pests, require time to carry out such activities:
- avoid waterlogging and damping-off processes;
- etched seeds before planting;
- carry out preventive treatment of crops with pesticides minimum concentration;
- selective examinations to monitor the health of crops crops;
- if damaged crop pests or diseases to assess the risk of the spread of damage and loss of crops;
- depending on the degree of risk to process the crop pesticide required concentration.
Results
spring and winter crops should be grown by intensive technologies.A competent, evidence-based approach to the cultivation of grain will allow high yields with maximum profitability.
