Since ancient times, humanity uses coal as a source of energy.And today it is useful mineral used widely enough.Sometimes it is called solar energy, which is conserved in stone.
Application
coal is burned to obtain heat, which is for hot water and heating homes.A mineral is used in the smelting processes.In thermal power stations burning coal by converted into electricity.
Scientific advances have allowed to use this valuable substance differently.For example, in the chemical industry has successfully mastered the technology, allowing us to obtain from coal liquid fuels, as well as rare metals such as germanium and gallium.From valuable minerals are currently extracted from the carbon-graphite composite materials vyskokoy carbon concentration.Also worked out methods for plastics and high calorie fuel gas from coal.
very low fraction of low-grade coal and dust after processing is compressed into briquettes.This material is excellent for heating private houses and industrial premises.On the whole, produce more than four hundred different kinds of products after chemical processing, which is subject to the coal.The price of these products in ten times the cost of the feedstock.
Over the past few centuries, mankind makes extensive use of coal as the fuel required to produce, as well as energy conversion.And demand for this valuable fossil recently increased.This contributes to the development of the chemical industry, as well as the need derived from a rare and valuable items.In this regard, in Russia today, intensive exploration of new fields, create mines and quarries, the company built for the processing of this valuable raw material.
Origin fossil
In ancient times the world was warm and humid climate in which rapidly developing diverse vegetation.From it further and formed coal.The origin of this fossil lies in the accumulation of billions of tons of dead vegetation on the bottom of the swamps, where they were covered with sediment.Since then it passed about 300 million. Years.Under the strong pressure of sand, water and vegetation of different breeds to slowly decompose in an oxygen-free environment.When exposed to high temperatures, which gave close location magma happened hardening of the mass, which gradually turned into coal.The origin of all existing fields has only this explanation.
mineral reserves and mining
On our planet, there are large deposits of coal.In total, according to estimates, the depths of the earth hold a fifteen trillion tons of minerals.Moreover, coal mining in scope is in the first place.In the year it was 2.6 billion tons, or 0.7 tons per inhabitant of the planet.
coal deposits in Russia are located in different regions.And in each of minerals have different characteristics and has its depth.Below is a list, which includes the largest coal deposits in Russia:
- Elga deposit.It is located in the south-eastern part of Yakutia.The depth of the coal in these areas allows open fossil.It requires no extra costs, which affects the final product cost reduction.
- Tuva deposit.According to experts, in its territory it is about 20 billion. Tons of minerals.The field is very attractive for development.The fact that eighty percent of its deposits located in one stratum having a thickness of 6-7 meters.
- Minusinsk field.They are located in the Republic of Khakassia.It is a few fields, the largest of which are Montenegrin and Izyhskoe.Stocks of small pools.According to experts, they are from 2 to 7 billion tons.It is produced very valuable in their characteristics Coal.The properties of minerals are such that when burned recorded a very high temperature.
- Kuznetsk coal basin.This field, located in the west of Siberia, provides products used in the steel industry.The coal that is mined in these parts, is for coking.The volume of deposits is simply huge.
- Kuznetsky Alatau.This field gives the product of the highest quality.The greatest depth of the layers of minerals reaches five hundred meters.Production is carried out in open cuts and mines.
Coal is mined in Russia in the Pechora coal basin.Actively developed field and in the Rostov region.
Selection of coal for the production process
in various industries there is a need in the different brands of mineral.What difference is Coal?The properties and quality characteristics of the product varies widely.
This occurs even if the coal has the same markings.The fact that the characteristics of fossil depend on the place of its production.That is why every business, choosing the coal for their production must become familiar with its physical characteristics.
Properties
Coal varies according to the following properties:
- density.This is one of the most important characteristics, which is around 1.28 to 1.53 grams per cubic centimeter.At higher densities increases the specific heat of combustion of coal.
- carbon content.This index ranges from 75 to 97 percent.At a higher content of carbon in the fuel is less than the volume of impurities.This allows a maximum amount of energy when burned product.
- mechanical strength.This characteristic defines the ability to tolerate the transportation of minerals.This parameter is in the range of from 40 kilograms per square centimeter (from lignite) and 300 (y anthracite).
- sulfur content.In its angle can be from 0.5 to 5.4 percent.A lower value of this value to use the fuel safely.
- Volatile components (2-45%).
- humidity.The fuel may contain from 4 to 15 percent moisture.From this figure depends, if effective at burning hard coal.The properties of a wet product is fundamentally different from the dry.Such coal crumbles and subjected to rapid weathering.
- Ash.This characterization indicates the number of non-flammable mixture containing minerals.At a lower ash content increases the specific heat.The lowest percentage of non-flammable mixtures are anthracite.It is within 2%.For heating is acceptable ash within thirty percent.The highest value of the data - 45%.
- Specific heat of combustion.This index ranges from 6500 to 8600 kcal / kg.It describes the amount of heat that is generated by the combustion of one kilogram of fuel.
degree of enrichment
Depending on the intended use can be purchased different Coal.The properties of the fuel at the same time become clear, based on the degree of enrichment.Allocate:
1. concentrates.This fuel is used in the preparation of electricity and heat.
2. Industrial Products.They are used in metallurgy.
3. Sludge.This fine coal fraction (six millimeters), and the dust produced as a result of crushing rocks.Briquettes are formed from a slurry having good performance properties for domestic solid fuel boilers.
degree of coalification
This figure distinguished:
1. Lignite.This is the same coal only partially formed.Properties it is somewhat worse than that of higher quality fuels.Brown coal produces low heat when burned and crumbled during transport.In addition, it has a tendency to self-ignite.
2. Coal.This type of fuel has a large number of varieties (brands), the properties of which are different.It is widely used in energy, metallurgy, chemical industry and utilities.
3. Anthracite.This is the kind of high-quality coal.
properties of all these forms of minerals are significantly different from each other.Thus, the lowest calorific value characteristic of brown coal, and the highest - anthracite.What is best to buy coal?The price must be economically viable.Accordingly, the cost and the specific heat ratio is optimally in a simple coal (in the range $ 220 per ton).
size classification
When selecting coal is important to know its size.This figure is encrypted in the brand mineral.Thus, coal is:
- «P» - slab, which is large chunks of more than 10 cm.
- «K» - large, the size of which ranges from 5 to 10 cm.
- «O» - walnut,He is also quite large, with a fragment size of 2.5 to 5 cm.
- «M» - small, with small pieces of 1.3-2.5 cm in.
- «C" - the seed - for a cheap fractionlong decay with sizes 0.6-1.3 cm.
- «W» - rubble, which is mostly coal dust, designed for briquetting.
- «R» - the ordinary, or besstandartny, which can be fractions of different sizes.
Properties lignite
This is the least high-quality coal.Price had the lowest (about one hundred dollars per ton).Brown coal was formed in ancient peat bogs by pressing at a depth of about 0.9 km.This is the cheapest fuel containing a large amount of water (about 40%).
In addition, lignite has a relatively low heat of combustion.There is a large number (50%) of volatile gases.If you use brown coal for heating furnace, it is its quality characteristics remind raw wood.The product is heavily flares, lot of smoke and leaves behind a large number of ash.Most of this raw material is prepared briquettes.They have quite good performance.Their price ranges from eight to ten thousand rubles per ton.
properties coal
This fuel better.Coal - it rocks with black and matte, semi-matt or shiny surface.
In this type of fuel contains a total of five to six percent moisture, because of which it has a high calorific value.Compared with oak, alder and birch wood gives a warm coal is 3.5 times greater.The downside of this type of fuel is its large ash.The price of coal in the summer and fall in the range of 3900 to 4600 rubles per ton.In winter, the price of fuel increases by twenty to thirty percent.
coal storage
If the fuel is to be used for a long period, it should be placed in a special barn or silo.There it must be protected from direct sunlight and rain.
If large pile of coal, then the storage you need to constantly monitor their condition.Fines in combination with high temperature and humidity can be spontaneous combustion.
