Oil - one of the world's major mineral (hydrocarbon fuel).It is the raw material for the production of fuels and lubricants and other materials.For its characteristic dark color and of great importance to the world economy oil (minerals) nicknamed the black gold.
General
said substance is formed together with the type of gaseous hydrocarbons at a certain depth (generally from 1.2 to 2 km).
Max oil reservoirs located at a depth of 1 to 3 km.Near the earth's surface the substance Malta becomes thick, semi-solid asphalt and other materials (eg, tar sands).
By distinctiveness of origin and chemical composition of the oil, a photo that is presented in the article, similar to the natural combustible gases, as well as ozokerite and asphalt.Sometimes all of these fossil fuels are combined under one name - petrolytes.Yet they belong to a wider group - caustobioliths.They are combustible mineral nutrient character.
in this group include such minerals as peat, shale, stone and brown coal, anthracite.By the ability to dissolve in liquids such as organic (chloroform, carbon disulfide, alcohol-benzene mixture) crude oil, as well as other petrolytes and substances that extract data solvents from peat, coal or refined products, referred to as bitumen.
use
Currently, 48% of energy consumed on the planet fell on oil (minerals).It is a proven fact.
Oil (minerals) - the source of many chemicals used in various industries in the production of fuels, lubricants, polymer fibers, dyes, solvents and other materials.
Oil consumption growth has led to higher prices for it and the gradual depletion of mineral resources.It makes you wonder about the transition to alternative energy sources.
Physical Description
Oil is a liquid of light brown to dark brown (almost black) color.Sometimes there are instances of emerald green.The molecular weight of an average oil ranges from 220 to 300 g / mol.Sometimes this parameter is in the range from 450 to 470 g / mol.The index is determined by its density in the area of 0,65-1,05 (0,82-0,95 mostly) g / cm³.In this regard the oil is classified into several types.Namely:
- easily.The density - less than 0.83 g / cc.
- average.A density in this case - in the area from 0.831 to 0.860 g / cm³.
- Heavy.The density - more than 0.860 g / cc.
The substance contains a significant number of different organic compounds.As a result of this natural oil is characterized not by its own boiling point and the initial level of the index in the liquid hydrocarbons.Basically it is & gt; 28 ° C, and sometimes ≥100 ° C (in the case of heavy oil).
viscosity of the substance varies within a wide range (from 1.98 to 265.9 mm² / s).Determined is the oil fractional composition and its temperature.The higher the temperature and the number of light fractions, the oil viscosity below.Also, this is caused by the presence of substances such as resin-asphaltene.That is more than them, the higher the viscosity of the oil.
The specific heat of the substance - 1.7-2.1 kJ / (kg ∙ K).Setting specific heat of combustion is relatively low - from 43.7 to 46.2 MJ / kg.The dielectric constant of oil - from 2 to 2.5, and its conductivity - from 2 to 0.3 ∙ 10-10 10-18 ∙ ∙ ohm-1 cm-1.
Oil, photos are presented in the article, is a flammable liquid.It breaks at a temperature of -35 to +120 ° C.It depends on its fractional composition and the content of dissolved gases.
oil (fuel) in normal conditions does not dissolve in water.However, it is capable of forming stable emulsions with fluid.Soluble oil certain substances.This is done by means of an organic solvent type.In order to separate oil from water and salt is carried out certain actions.They are very important in the process.This desalting and dehydration.
description of the chemical composition
In disclosing this topic should take into account all the peculiarities of the substance in question.This is a common, elemental composition and hydrocarbon oil.Next, we consider each of them in detail.
overall composition
natural resources of oil is a mixture of about 1000 substances of different nature.The main components are the following:
- liquid hydrocarbons.It is 80-90% by weight.
- heteroatomic organic compounds (4-5%).Of these, dominated by sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.
- Organometallic compounds (mostly nickel and vanadium).Dissolved gases
- hydrocarbon type (C1-C4, from tenths to four percent).
- Water (from traces to 10%).
- Mineral salts.Most of chlorides.0,1-4000 mg / L and above.
- solutions of salts, acids and organic contamination (particles of clay, limestone, sand).
hydrocarbon composition
mainly oil has a wax (usually 30-35, rarely - 40-50% of the total) and naphthenic (25-75%) compounds.To a lesser extent aromatic compounds present.They occupy 10-20%, and at least - 35%.This affects the quality of the oil.Also, the substance in question include compounds mixed or hybrid structure.For example, aromatic-naphthene and paraffin.
Heteroatomic components and a description of the elemental composition of oil
Together with hydrocarbons in the product consists of substances with impurity atoms (mercaptans, di- and monosulfides, thiophane and thiophene, and even polycyclic and the like).They greatly affect the quality of the oil.
Also, the oil includes substances containing nitrogen.It basically homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyry.They are concentrated mostly in the residues and heavy fractions.
The structure includes oil oxygenates (naphthenic acids, resins and asphaltene, phenols and other substances).They are usually in fractions of a high type.
total oil found more than 50 items.Together with the substances present in the product V (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), Cl (from traces to 2% ∙ 10-2) and so on.The content of these impurities in the raw material compounds and various deposits varies within wide limits.As a result of this talk about the average chemical composition of the oil it is necessary only conditionally.
How is classified the substance on the composition of hydrocarbons?
In this regard, there are certain criteria.Separate types of petroleum hydrocarbons in the class.There should be no more than 50%.If one of the classes of hydrocarbons is not less than 25%, the recovered oil mixed types - naphthene-methane, methane-naphthenic, aromatic, naphthene, aromatic, naphthenic, and aromatic methano-aromatic-methane.The first component they contain more than 25%, and the second - more than 50%.
Crude oil is not applicable.For the technically valuable products (mainly motor fuel, raw materials for chemical industry, solvents), it is processed.
Methods Product Quality
said substance evaluated to select the most faithful rational schemes of its processing.This is done using complex methods: chemical, physical, and special.
General characteristics of oil - viscosity, density, pour point, and other physical and chemical parameters, as well as the composition of dissolved gases and the percentage of tar, paraffin wax and asphaltene-resinous substances.
main principle of gradual study of oil comes down to combining the techniques of the separation of certain components with consistent simplification of the composition of some fractions.They were then analyzed by all kinds of physical and chemical methods.The most common methods of determining the initial breakup of the oil composition are various types of distillation (distillation) and rectification.
According to the results of the selection to the narrow (boiling point in the region of 10-20 ° C) and wide (50-100 ° C) fraction is constructed curve (TIC) true boiling temperature of the substance.Then carried out to establish the capacity of the content of individual elements, oil products and their components (kerosinogazoylevyh, gasoline, oil distillates, diesel and fuel oil, and tars), hydrocarbon composition, as well as other commodity and physico-chemical characteristics.
distillation is carried out in conventional distiller.They are equipped with a fractionating column.In this case, the ability of the pogonorazdelitelnaya 20-22 pieces of theoretical plates.
Fractions isolated from distillation, separated into further components.Then, using a variety of methods is carried out to determine their contents and set the properties.According to the methods of composition and expression of oil fractions, distinguish its group, individual, group and structural and elemental analysis.When
group analysis determined separately the content of naphthenic, paraffinic, mixed and aromatic hydrocarbons.When
structural group analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon fractions the composition is defined as the average content of naphthenic, aromatics and other cyclic structures, and the chains of paraffinic components.In this case, a one more step - calculation of the relative amount of the hydrocarbon in the naphthene paraffin and arenas.
Personal hydrocarbon composition determined for gasoline and gas fractions.When elemental analysis of the oil composition expressed as number (percent) C, O, S, H, N, and trace elements.
main method of separating aromatics from naphthenic and paraffinic and separation policy arenas and is a monocyclic liquid adsorption chromatography.Usually sink in this case is a certain element - dual sorbent.
hydrocarbon oil composition of multicomponent mixtures of a wide and a narrow range of usually decrypted by a combination of chromatography (liquid or gas phase), the adsorption or other separation techniques with spectral and mass spectrometric methods studies.
As the world's a trend towards further deepening of this process is the development of oil, it becomes essential detailed analysis (especially the high-boiling fractions and residual products - fuel oil and tar).
major oil fields in Russia
deposits in the Russian Federation said substance has a significant amount.Oil (minerals) - a national treasure of Russia.She is one of the main export products.Extraction and processing of oil - a source of significant tax revenues to the Russian budget.
oil development on an industrial scale was started in the late XIX century.At the moment in Russia there are large areas of functioning oil.They are located in various regions of the country.
| Name field | Opening date | recoverable stocks | Districts oil |
| Great | 2013 | 300 million tons | Astrakhan region |
| Samotlor | 1965 | 2,7 billion tons | Khanty-Mansiysk |
| Romashkinskoye | 1948 | 2,3 billiont | Tatarstan |
| Priobskoe | 1982 | 2,7 Bln. m | Khanty-Mansiysk |
| Arlanskoe | 1966 | 500 million tons | Bashkortostan |
| Lyantorskoye | 1965 | 2 billion tons | Khanty-Mansiysk |
| Vankor | 1988 | 490 million tons | Krasnoyarsk |
| Fyodorovskoye | 1971 | 1.5 billion tons | Khanty-Mansiysk |
| Russian | 1968 | 410 million tons | Yamalo-Nenets |
| Mamontovskoye | 1965 | 1 billiont | Khanty-Mansiysk |
| Tuymazinskoe | 1937 | 300 million tons | Bashkortostan |
shale oil in the US
In recent years, the market of hydrocarbon fuels has changed dramatically.The discovery of shale gas and the development of technologies for its production in a short time brought the United States in the number of large miners said substance.This phenomenon was described by experts as "shale revolution".At the moment, the world is on the verge of not less than grand event.We are talking about the mass development of oil shale deposits.Previously experts predicted the imminent end of the era of oil, but now it can last indefinitely.Thus become irrelevant talk about alternative energy.
However, information on the economic aspects of development of oil shale deposits is very controversial.According to the newspaper "However," shale oil produced in the United States (Texas) costs about $ 15 per 1 barrel.It is quite realistic to further cheapening of the process twice.
world leader of production of "classical" oil - Saudi Arabia - has good prospects in the oil shale industry: the cost of a barrel is here only 7 dollars.Russia in this respect is lost.In Russia, one barrel of shale oil cost about $ 20.
According to the above-mentioned publication, shale oil could be produced in all regions of the world.Each country has significant oil reserves.However, the reliability of the above information is questionable, since the information about the specific cost of shale oil production yet.
analyst H. Birg causes reverse data.According to him, the cost of a barrel of shale oil is 70-90 dollars.
According to the Bank of Moscow analyst Dmitry Borisov, the cost of oil production in Mexico and the Gulf of Guinea is 80 dollars.This is roughly equal to the current market price.
H. Birg also claims that the oil deposits (oil shale) are distributed unevenly across the planet.More than two thirds of the volume concentrated in the United States.Russia accounts for only 7 percent.
To produce the product in question has to process large volumes of rock.Keeping a process such as shale oil, carried out by career.This seriously harms nature.
According to Birge, the complexity of a process such as shale oil, is compensated by the prevalence of the substance in the world.
Assuming that the technology of shale oil will come to an adequate level, then the world oil prices may simply collapse.But as long as no major changes in this area are observed.
With the existing technologies for extracting shale oil could be profitable in a particular case - only if the price of oil is $ 150 a barrel or higher.
Russia, according to Birge, the so-called shale revolution will not hurt.The fact that the country advantageous both scenarios.The secret is simple: the high oil prices bring big profits, and a breakthrough in shale product will increase exports by developing relevant fields.
D. Borisov in this regard is not so optimistic.The development of shale oil, according to him, promises a collapse in prices on the oil market and a sharp fall in export revenues in Russia.However, in the short term, this should not be afraid, because the shale development still remain problematic.
Conclusion
Minerals - oil, natural gas and similar substances - are the property of each state in which they are mined.This can be seen by reading the article, the above.
