Astronomy - a paradoxical science that mankind has created as if in spite of himself.It enables us via observations and calculations literally every day to do all the new discoveries, and they make us understand that we do not know absolutely nothing about the universe, the stars and even planets closest to our solar system.Today, there are various areas of astronomy, among which the main ones are the following: galactic and extragalactic astronomy, physics, stars, astrophysics, exobiology, astrochemistry and cosmology.Detailed consideration is the latest science, we now turn.
Meaning
The scientific context cosmology - the science of the study of large-scale universe.Its basis is the basic theory and formulas of astronomy, physics and mathematics.Mainly through science studies the composition of the universe, its structure, age and evolution since its inception.In a broader understanding of cosmology - the ratio of astronomical observations obtained during different periods, and the theory of relativity, which gave the world Albert Einstein.It is through this physical discovery in the early 20th century cosmology became a separate science, precise, based on the formulas and figures.Up to this point it was considered a kind of ephemeral part of philosophy, and therefore not perceived by the world seriously.
two schools - one theory
Now cosmology as a science was divided into two branches, as well as scientists who are its representatives.Empiricists during their work based solely on observations of celestial bodies and matter.They do not create different models of other realities on Earth, because they believe that whatever the result, it is far from reality.Theorists, on the contrary, are estimates, the results of various studies.At the heart of their work can be based on a certain area of construction of a model of the cosmos, black hole, an object.It should be borne in mind that cosmology - the science that studies the universe and in practice and in theory.Both schools had adopted the general concept - Big Bang Theory.According to her, all the space and time once originated from a very hot and dense matter.In contrast to it there is a second, less famous, but not devoid of meaning theory.She says that the universe - a permanent unit, which has no beginning or end, or the inception of the fall.
data on which the science
There are six basic principles of the universe, which are used in cosmology:
- space is isotropic.This means that all objects in space - planets and asteroids and galaxies and black holes - are moving chaotically, is a certain order, and cosmology is studying this movement.In some places they can accumulate and form a distorted space region, the high pressure and temperature.In others, on the contrary, to dissipate, rarefying space to a minimum.
- Constant expansion of boundaries.Mainly cosmology studies the evolution of the universe, and this process, we can say, is happening right before our eyes.All space objects, and in particular galaxies are moving away from each other.The greater their parameters, the faster the increase of the distance.
- space surrounding our planet, as isotropic.This suggests that the Earth, as well as its orbit - an ordinary part of the universe that the structure will differ little from, say, the areas close to the planet Kepler-36B.
- In accordance with the theory of the Big Bang, age of the Earth, all the asteroids, stars, galaxies and the universe itself about the same.Occurrence matter century, researchers lowered into approximately 20 billion years, while the oldest stars were approximately 15 billion years ago.Where large numbers lead us, archaeologists, who dig up the skeletons of giant reptiles.In accordance with these data, it turns out that the Earth appeared earlier than all matter in the cosmos.In fact, scientists have long underestimated the parameters of the distance between galaxies.More recent estimates suggest that the universe is infinite in terms of space and in terms of time.
- mysteries of the universe, which is immense, rooted in its smallest particles - atoms.As we said above, any part of the space will be identical to the previous in its composition, which the researchers were able to calculate.On 10 hydrogen atoms necessary 1 atom of helium.
- fact that, on the contrary, confirms the correctness of the theory of the permanent expansion of the universe is the fact that at a distance from the SS much more quasars, who live a more active life.
cosmological model of the universe
A Brief History of the Universe captured in the famous theory of the Big Bang.She was born thanks to Einstein's general relativity, which formed the basis for development of astronomers, formed the model of the expanding matter.This version was confirmed after the scientist Hubble compared the distances between galaxies and the speed with which they move away from each other.The third confirmation was followed by G. Gamow, who discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation.This background phenomenon occurs in all corners of the universe is like the "echo" of the age of the explosion.
Incredible temperature Bang
code trying to explain to the children how the cosmos came, saying that he had previously been no more than a pea, but at the same temperature and pressure it was inconceivable figures.In reality, a brief history of the universe is not much different from this toy model.Age of our surrounding world equates to 20 billion. Years.At the time when the universe was only a point, the pressure therein was 1090 kg / cm3.Under such conditions, gravity emerged.By the way, scientists believe that the term is not something separate or special.Gravity - a distortion of space, which is due to the density of matter.This explains the fact that a solid cosmic bodies adjacent atmosphere (albeit minimal), and gas facilities and the stars do not have such a field.Thus, for centuries the cosmos expanded, forming a specific gravity fields.
problems of cosmology
Based on the concept of the Big Bang were built and alternative models of reality that, in principle, is no worse than basic.The essence of this conflict lies in the fact that the singularity of the space at the time of birth, is isotropic in this - it is a theory that can be formulated on the basis of studies of the SS.Beyond the orbit of the planets known to us quite different conditions which may not be isotropic.Scientists have deduced on the basis of the three problems of cosmology, which so far can not be solved, but they provide food for further reflection and research.Here we dwell on them in greater detail.
condition singularity
It is a condition that is believed by many to be inherent in matter started in the beginning of may just be science fiction.Incredible density, space and time are distorted, unimaginable temperatures - all calculated in the terrestrial conditions on paper, but even in miniature such experiments failed.Because the main problem of cosmology - a rejection of the singularity of the world at the moment of conception.Rather, the starting point was different state of matter.
lack of isotropy
Theorists believe that all the space in a homogeneous space, but experience shows that it is not.Studies prove the depths of the universe, that in one place there is an incredible cluster of galaxies, the other empty space.Of course, the density of matter in the cosmos, and the other site may not be the same.Because you can say that the Universe is anisotropic, and its chemical composition is not the same everywhere.
closed or open space?
Now for researchers secrets of the universe lie in its small parts, which should decide the outcome.It calculates the average density of matter, and if as a result it will exceed the critical level, the space will be compressed, and instead we will have an explosion cotton.If the density is below the level of the border, then the universe will expand infinitely, and to measure its space, volume and time is just unreal.
Another model of the origin and development of the universe
scientific cosmology - area of expertise in which literally every day new discoveries are made, theories are generated, each of which is plausible and realistic.In addition there is a well-known concept Bang so-called theory of asymmetry or the interaction of matter and antimatter.It is believed that the cosmic microwave background radiation in space is always being born and continues to emerge due to the interaction of matter and antimatter.These two substances are far from being on an equal footing in space.Because the matter is all that we know.Antimatter exists only for people in the calculations.Accepted assume that in the first ten seconds of the existence of the world has failed symmetry in which antiparticles were in the minority compared with the particles, and the reason is unknown.
Afterword
Cosmology - an area of knowledge that studies the universe as a whole.This is the theoretical science that can logically explain various phenomena in the cosmos, to justify this or that movement of galaxies and stars.
