Human life is full of different experiences, which flows through the sensor systems.The simple phenomenon of all mental processes - is feeling.There is nothing more natural for us, when we see, hear, feel the touch of objects.
concept of sensation in psychology
Why urgent topic: "Sensation"?In psychology this phenomenon has been studied for a long time, trying to give a more precise definition.To date, scientists are still trying to understand the depth of inner peace and human physiology.The feeling - is in general psychology process of displaying certain qualities and characteristics of objects and phenomena of reality in a direct impact on the senses.The ability to obtain such an experience characteristic of living organisms, which have a nervous system.And for the conscious sense of living beings should have a brain.
primary stage until such a mental process characterized by simple irritability, which occur due to the selective response to the important impact of the external or internal environment.The reaction is suitably accompanied by changes in the state and behavior of a living organism, what drew the attention of general psychology.
Feeling - is the psychology of the first link in the knowledge of the internal and external peace man.There are different types of this phenomenon, regardless of the stimuli that produce them.These objects or phenomena have a connection with different types of energy and, accordingly, give rise to different sensations Quality: auditory, cutaneous, visual.In psychology, also produce feelings associated with the muscular system and internal organs.Such phenomena are not understood by man.The only exceptions are painful sensations that come from the internal organs.They do not extend to the sphere of consciousness, but are perceived by the nervous system.Also, a person gets feelings that are associated with concepts such as time, acceleration, vibration, and other vital factors.
incentive for our analyzers are electromagnetic waves that are within a certain range.
Characteristic sensations
Laws of sensations in psychology and provide a description of their various kinds.The first classification dates back to the ancient period.It is based on analyzers that determine species such as smell, taste, touch, sight and hearing.
Another classification of sensations in psychology provided Ananiev (allocated 11 species).There is also a systematic typology of the authorship of the English physiologist Sherrington.It includes interoceptive, proprioceptive and exteroceptive types of sensations.Let us examine them in detail.
Interoceptive type of feeling: description
This kind of feeling gives the signals from the internal environment, from different organs and systems, which are characterized by certain indicators.Receptors receive signals from the digestive system (through the wall of the stomach and intestines), cardiovascular system (heart and vessel walls) from muscle tissue and other systems.Such nerve structures are called - receptors of the internal environment.
These feelings belong to the most ancient and primitive group.They are characterized by unconsciousness, diffuse and very close to the emotional state.Another name for these mental processes - organic.
type of proprioceptive sensation: description
information on how the condition is our body, it gives a person the proprioceptive sensation.In psychology, identify several subtypes of this type, namely the feeling of static (equilibrium) and kinesthetic (movement).Muscles and joints (tendons and ligaments) - a receptor localization.The name of such sensitive areas quite interesting - Pachchini calf.Speaking of the peripheral receptors proprioceptive sensations, they are localized in the tubules of the inner ear.
concept of sensation in psychology and psychophysiology studied quite well.This was done by A. Orbeli, Anokhin, Bernstein.
exteroceptive sensations type: description
These sensations communicate person with the outside world and are divided into contact (gustatory and tactile) and distant (auditory, olfactory and visual sensations in psychology).
olfactory sensations in psychology is controversial scientists, since they do not know where exactly to place it.An object that emits odor, is at a distance, but the flavor molecules are in contact with the nasal receptors.Or is that the subject is no longer present, and the smell is still in the air.Also olfactory sensations have value in food consumption and determining the quality of products.
Intermodal sensations: description
As with the smell, there are other feelings that are difficult to classify.For example, this vibration sensitivity.It includes the feeling of an acoustic analyzer, as well as the skin and the musculoskeletal system.According to LE Komendantova, vibration sensitivity is a form of sound perception.It proved a huge difference in the lives of people with limited or no hearing and vote.These people have a high level of tactile and vibration phenomenology and can identify a moving truck or other vehicle, even at long range.
Other classifications sensations
also be studied classification of sensations in psychology M. Heda, who justified the genetic approach to the division of sensitivity.Select two of its kind - protopathic (organic sensation - thirst, hunger, primitive and physiological) and epicritic (this includes all known scholar feelings).
also developed a classification of sensations Teplov, highlighting two types of receptors - interoreceptors and exteroreceptors.
Characteristic properties of sensations
should be noted that the same feeling on the modality can be totally different from each other.The properties of the cognitive process are its individual characteristics: quality, intensity, spatial localization, duration thresholds of sensations.In psychology, these phenomena have been described by scientists, physiologists, who were the first who began to study this problem.
quality and intensity of sensation
In principle, all indicators of the phenomena can be divided into quantitative and qualitative types.Quality feeling determines its differences from other types of this phenomenon and is the basic information on the stimulator.It is impossible to measure quality using any numerals devices.If we take a visual sensation in psychology, its quality is color.For the taste and olfactory sensitivity - is the concept of sweet, sour, bitter, salty, aromatic, and so on.
quantitative characteristic feeling - this is his strength.This property is essential to man, because for us it is important to determine a loud or soft music and light or dark in the room.The intensity experienced differently depending on such factors: force acting stimuli (physical parameters), and the functional state of the receptor which is exposed.The more indicators of the physical characteristics of the stimulus, the greater the intensity of the sensation.
duration and spatial localization of sensations
Another important characteristic is considered to be the length of which indicates the temporal parameters of sensations.This property is also subject to the action of objective and subjective factors.If the stimulus effect for a long time, and the feeling will be prolonged.This is an objective factor.Subjective is the functional status of the analyzer.
stimuli that irritate the senses have their location in space.Sensations help locate a particular object that plays a significant role in human life.
sensation thresholds in psychology: the absolute and relative
under the absolute threshold understands the physical parameters of the stimulus in the minimum amount that evoke the feeling.Any irritants that are lower than the absolute threshold level, and do not cause sensitivity.But the human body is still feeling the impact of these laws.In psychology researcher GV Gershuni presented the results of experiments in which it was found that the sound stimuli that are lower than the absolute threshold, causes certain brain electrical activity and an increase in the pupil.This zone is an area subsensornuyu.
There are upper absolute threshold - a measure of the stimulus, which can not be adequately perceived by the senses.Such experiences cause pain, but not always (ultrasound).
addition to the properties, there are also patterns of sensations: synesthesia, sensitization, adaptation, interaction.
Feature
perception Sensation and perception psychology are primary cognitive processes in relation to memory and thinking.Brief characteristics of the phenomenon of mentality we have given, and now for the perception.This mental process of holistic display of objects and phenomena of reality with their direct contact with the authorities flair.Sensation and perception psychology studies the physiology and psychology of LA Wenger, AV Zaporozhets, Zinchenko, TS Komarova and other scientists.The process of collecting information provides individual orientation in the outer world.
It should be noted that the perception is characteristic only of man and the higher animals, which are able to form images.It is a process of objectification.Delivery of the cortex information about the properties of objects - this sensation function.The psychology of perception distinguish the formation of the image, obtained on the basis of the information collected about the subject and its properties.The image obtained by the interaction of multiple sensor systems.
Types perception
in perception are three groups.Here are the most common classifications:
| depending on the purpose | Intentional | Unintentional | |
| depending on the degree of organization | organized (monitoring) | Unorganized | |
| dependence on the shape of the reflection | perception of space (shape, size, volume, distance, location, distance, direction) | perception of time (duration, rate of occurrence, sequence of events) | perception of motion (changing the position of an object or the person in time) |
Properties perception
SL Rubinstein says that people have a generalized perception and directional character.
Thus, the first feature of this process is considered in detail.The perception is impossible without objects, because they have their own specific color, shape, size and purpose.Violin we define as a musical instrument, and a plate - like cutlery.
second property - integrity.Feelings tell the brain the elements of the object, its specific qualities, but by the perception of the individual features add up to a complete image.At the concert, the orchestra we listen to music holistically, rather than the sound of each musical instrument alone (violin, double bass, cello).
third property - constancy.It characterizes the relative constancy of shapes, sizes and shades of color that we perceive.For instance, we see a cat, as a specific animal, regardless of whether he is in the dark or in the bright room.
fourth property - generalizations.It is human nature to categorize objects and assign them to a class, depending on the features that are available.
fifth property - meaningfulness.Perceiving objects we relate them with our experience and knowledge.Even if an unknown object, the human brain is already trying to compare it with familiar objects and identify commonalities.
six properties - selectivity.First of all perceived objects that have a connection with personal experience or human activity.For example, despite the performance, an actor and an outsider in many ways will experience what is happening on stage.
Each process may occur both in normal and in pathology.Impaired perception considered hypersensitivity (increased sensitivity to common environmental stimuli), hypoesthesia (decreased sensitivity), agnosia (violation of the recognition of objects in a state of clear consciousness and a slight decrease in overall sensitivity), hallucinations (perception of objects in reality non-existent).Illusion is characterized under the mistaken perception of objects existing in reality.
Finally I want to say that the human psyche - a rather complex device and separate treatment processes such as sensation, perception, memory and thinking - artificial, because the reality of these phenomena occur in parallel or in series.
