These devices today are especially in demand in the economy.Industrial robot, a little similar to its prototype in the book of Karl Capek's "Rise of the Robots" - does not nourish the revolutionary ideas.On the contrary, it performs faithfully, and with great accuracy as the basic processes of production (assembly, welding, painting) and auxiliary (loading and unloading, the fixation of the product during manufacturing, transfer).
use of such "intelligent" machines contributes to efficient solving three major problems of production:
- improve productivity;
- improvement of working conditions of people;
- optimize the use of human resources.
Industrial robots - the brainchild of large-scale production
robots in the production of massively spread in the late XX century due to the significant increase in industrial production.Large series production led to the need for intensity and quality of such work, the implementation of the objective of which exceeds human capabilities.Instead use many thousands of skilled workers in modern technological plants operate numerous highly automated production lines, operating in a discontinuous or continuous cycles.
leader in the development of such technologies, declaring the use of industrial robots are the Japan, USA, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland.On the two large groups are divided manufactured in the above mentioned countries, the modern industrial robots.Types of membership are determined by two fundamentally different ways of management:
- automatic manipulators;
- device remotely controlled by man.
Why use them?
the need for creating them started talking at the beginning of the XX century.However, at that time there were no components for the implementation of the plan.Today, following the dictates of the time, robotic machines are used in the majority of the most technologically advanced industries.
Unfortunately, retrofitting such "smart" machines whole industries difficult investment deficit.Although the advantages of their use clearly exceed the initial cash costs, because they allow you to talk not only and not so much on the automation of many of the profound changes in production and labor.
The use of industrial robots will effectively perform back-breaking human complexity and accuracy of work: loading / unloading, stacking, sorting, orientation of parts;moving pieces from one robot to another, and finished products - to the warehouse;spot welding and seam welding;assembly of mechanical and electronic components;the laying of the cable;cutting of workpieces of complex contour.
manipulator as part of an industrial robot
Functionally, this is "smart" car of reprogrammable ACS (automatic control system) and working body (the system of movement and a mechanical arm).If ACS is usually quite compact, visually hidden and not immediately catches the eye, the working fluid has such a characteristic view that the industrial robot is often referred to as follows: "robotic arm".
By definition, called a manipulator device which performs the movement in the space of the working surfaces and objects of labor.These devices consist of two types of links.First ensure the sustainability of the movement.Second - angular movements.Such conventional units for its movements using a pneumatic or hydraulic (more powerful) drive.
manipulator, created by analogy with the human hand, for the details of the gripper is equipped with technologically advanced.The various devices of this type directly capture often performed mechanical fingers.When working flat surfaces of objects captured by mechanical suckers.
If the crane had to work simultaneously with many similar workpieces, the seizure was carried out thanks to the special design of the extensive.
Instead of the gripper arm are often equipped with mobile welding equipment, special technological spray or just a screwdriver.
As the robot moves
Automatic robots are usually adapted to the two types of movement in space (although some of them are fixed).It depends on the specific production conditions.If necessary to ensure the smooth movement of the surface, it is implemented using directional monorail.If you want to work at different levels, use the "step" system with pneumatic suction cups.Moving the robot perfectly oriented in space, and the angular coordinates.Modern devices are unified ranking of such devices, they are composed of process blocks, and allow to provide precision moving workpieces weight from 250 to 4000 kg.
design
use of automated machines is considered to diversified industries led to some unification of the main components of the blocks.Modern industrial robot manipulators have in their structure:
- frame, used to mount detalezahvatyvayuschego device (grab) - a kind of "hand", actually performs the processing;
- grapple with the guide (the latter determines the position of "hands" in space);
- devices of leading, converting and transferring energy in the form of torque to the axle (due to their industrial robot receives potential traffic);
- system control and carry out its programs;acceptance of new programs;analyzing incoming data from sensors, and, accordingly, transfer it to the providing device;
- positioning system working part, measuring the positions and movements of the axes manipulation.
Dawn creation of industrial robots
Back in the recent past and remember how to begin the history of creation of industrial automatic machines.The first robots appeared in the US in 1962, and they were produced by companies "Yunimeyshn Incorporated" and "Versatran."Although, to be precise, the previously still fired industrial robot "Yunimeyt" created by American engineer J. Devol patented own SAU, programmable via punched cards.It was an obvious technical breakthrough "smart" machines memorized coordinates of your route and perform the work under the program.
first industrial robot "Yunimeyt" was equipped with a two-finger capture device on the actuator and the "hand" on the hydraulic drive with five degrees of freedom.Its performance allows you to move 12-kilogram piece up to 1.25 mm.
Another robot manipulator "Versatran" created by the same company, are loaded and unloaded in 1200 bricks per hour in a kiln.It has successfully replaced the labor of people from harmful environments with high temperatures.Its creation has been very successful, and design - so reliable that the individual machines of the brand and continue to operate today.This is despite the fact that their life has exceeded hundreds of thousands of hours.
noted that the device of the first generation of industrial robots in value assumed 75% of mechanics and electronics 25%.Conversion of these devices require time and cause downtime.For the conversion to meet their new work were replaced management program.
second-generation robotic machines
soon became clear: despite all the advantages of the machine of the first generation proved imperfect ... The second generation assumed more subtle control of industrial robots - adaptive.The earliest devices required to streamline the environment in which they worked.The latter circumstance is often meant high extra costs.This becomes critical for the development of mass production.
new stage of progress characterized by the development of multiple sensors.With their help the robot get quality called "sensitization".He began to receive information on the environment and, in accordance with it, choose the best course of action.For example, the acquired skills to take part and to get around the obstacle to it.There is such an action due to the microprocessor processing the information received, which is then introduced into the variable control programs actually guided robots.
Forms major manufacturing operations (welding, painting, assembly, machining of various kinds) are also subject to adjustment.That is, when performing each multivariate initiated to improve the quality of any type of the above operations.
Management of industrial manipulators is mainly done by software.Hardware control functions serve industrial mini-computers of PC / 104 or MicroPC.Note that the adaptive management based on multivariate software.And the decision to choose the type of the program adopted by the robot on the basis of information about the environment, described detectors.
feature of the functioning of the robot of the second generation is the availability of pre-set operating modes, each of which is activated when certain indicators obtained from the environment.
third generation of robots
Machines robots of the third generation are able to independently generate its action, depending on the task and the circumstances of the environment.They do not "cheat sheets", ie. E. Painted-tech action in certain embodiments, the external environment.They have the ability to build their own optimal algorithm of its work, and promptly implement it in practice.The cost of electronics such industrial robot is ten times higher than its mechanical parts.
newest robot carrying out the seizure of parts due to sensor "knows" how well he did.In addition, the gripping force itself regulated (force feedback), depending on the fragility of the material parts.Perhaps that is why the device of a new generation of industrial robots called intellectual.
As you know, the "brain" of the device is its system of governance.The most promising is the regulation, carried out according to the methods of artificial intelligence.
Intellect these machines set application packages, programmable logic controllers, simulation tools.In the production of industrial robots are networked to provide the proper level of interaction of the system "man - machine".Also developed forecasting tools operation of such devices in the future due to the implemented simulation software that allows you to choose the best options and configurations to connect to the network.
world's leading companies producing robots
Today, the use of industrial robots is provided by leading companies, including Japanese (Fanuc, Kawasaki, Motoman, OTC Daihen, Panasonic), American (KC Robots, Triton Manufacturing, Kaman Corporation), German (Kuka).
than it is known in the world of these firms?The assets Fanuc - the fastest to date, delta robot M-1iA (such machines are generally used for packaging), the strongest of the robot serial numbers - M-2000iA, recognized worldwide robotic welders ArcMate.
No less in demand in the production of industrial robots released by Kuka.These machines perform with German precision machining, welding, assembly, packaging, palletizing, loading.
also impressive lineup of Japanese-American company Motoman (Yaskawa), operating in the US market: 175 models of industrial robots, as well as more than 40 integrated solutions.Industrial robots used in manufacturing in the US, most of them made it this leading company in its industry.
Most of the other companies represented by us occupy a niche by manufacturing a narrow range of specialized devices.For example, Daihen and Panasonic produce welding robots.
methods of organization of automated production
If we talk about the organization of the automated production, was first implemented hard line principle.However, it is at a sufficiently high speed of the production cycle has a significant drawback - downtime due to failures.Alternatively, the rotor technology was invented.With this organization of production in a circle and moving piece of work, and very automated line (robots).Machines may then duplicate functions, and thus failures are virtually eliminated.However, in this case we lose speed.Ideal organization of the process - a hybrid of the above two.It is called rotor-conveyor.
Industrial robot as an element of flexible automatic production
Modern 'smart' devices quickly reconfigured, highly productive and perform their own work with the help of his equipment, processing materials and blanks.Depending on the specific use, they can function as one program, and by varying their work, that is. E. Selecting a fixed number of programs provided to the right.
industrial robot is a component of the flexible automated production (standard abbreviations - GAP).The latter also includes:
- system, which aided design;
- complex automated control of technological equipment production;
- industrial robot manipulators;
- automatically operating production trucks;
- devices that loading / unloading and placing;
- control over the production process;
- automatic production management.
details on the practical application of robots
real industrial applications are advanced robots.Forms them different, and they provide high performance strategically important industries.In particular, the economy is largely modern Germany owes its growing potential of their application.In which sectors are working these "iron workers"?In metalworking they operate in almost all processes: casting, welding, forging, providing the highest level of quality.
Foundry as an industry with extreme conditions for human labor (meaning high temperatures and pollution) is largely robotized.Machinery mounted on Kuka even in foundries.
food industry also received from Kuka equipment for industrial purposes."Food robots" (photos are presented in the article) the majority of people to replace areas with special conditions.Distributed in the manufacture of machinery, ensuring in the heated indoor climate with a temperature not exceeding 30 degrees Celsius.Robots stainless steel brilliantly treated meat involved in the production of dairy products, as well as, of course, stacked and packaged products optimally.
difficult to overestimate the contribution of such devices in the automotive industry.Experts admit that the most powerful and productive machines today are namely "Cook's" robots.Photos of devices offering the whole range of car assembly operations are impressive.This really is time to talk about automated production.
plastics processing, production of plastic manufacturing complex shaped parts from a variety of materials in the production of robots provide a truly harmful to human health pollution.
Another important area of application "Cook's" units is woodworking.And described as the devices provide performance of individual orders and the establishment of large-scale series production at all stages - from primary processing and cutting to milling, drilling, grinding.
Prices
Currently on the market of Russia and CIS demand made by companies Kuka and Fanuc robots.Prices their range from 25 000 to 800 000 rubles.
