history of the paper now has more than a thousand years, and still it remains the most common means of transmission of information graphic or symbolic way.But she also found its use in everyday life, as a packaging material, in the interior and sanitary purposes.
With the help of pictures transmitted through graphics.Whereas in the past it could be the first schematic sketches of objects and phenomena surrounding people now on the paper printed a photo with high detail, as close as possible reflecting the environmental reality.
But when it comes to writing, it appeared much earlier than was born out of paper.In the past, the material had a lot of alternatives.Some of them, to be honest, were much more durable.But also at the paper were its advantages, which allowed it to gain such widespread.This process occurs extremely heterogeneous.If China knew about the paper before our era, European civilization gained access to it only to the Middle Ages.
Papermaking is modified with the advent of new technologies.And this causes as the requirements of the new printing technology and the process for its preparation.If earlier for its production needed to process the fabric, then with the advent of the industrial revolution and the opening of pulp changed.
Do not underestimate the value of the paper in the development of society - through fiction and scientific publications.Availability of books played a huge role in the formation that has brought technological progress.
At the present time, the role of the paper is reduced, but even with the advent of electronic document all the relevant papers have their material embodiment, whether paper money or any identification.
What is paper
In today's world we use paper products in their daily use, sometimes without even thinking about it.We meet her at home and at work.It is used for advertising, print it on checks for the purchased goods, and, in the end, we often pay for the purchase of banknotes.
history paper was originally supposed to use it for the preservation and transmission of knowledge.Now this role is given to books, pamphlets, newspapers and other printed materials of information character.
The decoration for the paper used for the production of wall wallpaper, and print photos as the basis for the paintings and engravings.
As the material used for packaging paperboard.Because it is manufactured as a large box to transport goods and small sachets with juice or milk.
paper with water marks and other powers used to protect important documents, which are provided in one piece: a passport, a certificate of registration, licenses and so on.Production of paper on a similar technology is used for the production of banknotes.
paper in the form of tape used for readout instrumentation in medicine and science.This is especially true for the equipment that is not designed to work with digital media.
Hindsight
ancient images of animals and hunting for them, made by primitive tribes can be found on the walls of caves.The first extant Egyptian writing is also engraved on the stone slabs.They were heavy, and work with them require some skill from the master.With the development of industry began to use metal plates, but the text had to be applied every time the shape of the casting, which was also inconvenient.
the rivers came up with a suitable material for the recording.The Sumerians used clay tablets to its cuneiform.It was quite convenient way: by soft clay is convenient to write, dried plates were relatively easy.But they were quite fragile.
But the ancient Egyptians in the third millennium BC, invented papyrus, which can rightly be considered a precursor to the paper.It is made from the same plant, which grows at the banks of the Nile.For direct use internal production of the fiber, which is separated from the stem.The separated fiber layers superimposed transversely relative to each other and placed under the press.As the binder itself acted as juice plants and muddy Nile water, rich deposits of silt and mud, and the softened bread crumb.These sheets are glued together in a scroll.It was a good way of storing records, papyrus was easy, easy to carry, and it was possible to record the volume content of the texts.
Birth paper
Creation of the first paper of the Chinese silk was presumably before our era.But its exact place and time of origin is unknown.During the archaeological excavations were found scraps of paper in the burial which belonged to the era that preceded the Han Dynasty.But the first paper, as well as the papyrus was very expensive.Therefore, while in the course were more common wooden plates on which burns hot text with the pen tip.
It is known that in 105, the emperor's adviser Cai Lun bestowed the title of minister, and other honors for his contribution to the improvement of technology of papermaking.In its production were only culled silkworm cocoons or trim tissue obtained from the bast of mulberry wood.They were divided into small pieces, and then pulverized in a mortar to a fine powder much.The resulting mass is mixed with clean water into a homogeneous slurry, which is then laid out in the formative bamboo sieve.Frames on its sides to set the size of the sheet, and contributed to the opening of ventilation, airflow and, as a consequence, rapid drying.To smooth the mesh pattern, the paper was placed between two polished stone surfaces.Thus, it simultaneously, a smooth and fine.
After the invention of this method further perfected the process of making paper pretty quickly.In the steel production technology to use special binding compositions based on starch and adhesives of natural origin, which made the paper more durable.And the foundation was not only silk fiber, and other cotton and linen fabrics and hemp thread, which usually went for the manufacture of ropes.
alternative paper
Together with the teachings of Buddhism from China occurred in the distribution of books in close contact with him to Korea and Japan, respectively, they took over the experience and in paper production.Also, paper making technology and its foundation have mastered the neighboring countries of Central Asia and the Middle East.But on the European continent the paper came only after the Arab conquest of Spain.
Naturally, prior to its dissemination to use alternative materials for writing texts.Ever since ancient times, expensive papyrus was replaced by parchment and wax tablets.
latter is a wooden plate on which a thin layer of wax is applied.Tool for writing is a solid metal rod, one side of which has been sharpened for letters and the second plane, scraping occurred, after which the text could write again.This method is widely used for teaching writing and creating records of a temporary nature until the Middle Ages.
For long-term application used parchment made of animal hide tanning special.The leather tanning industry sheep or goats in the liquor soaked, softened and compressed.The main advantage of parchment was that he allowed to write on it from both sides.Therefore, the first European books were made because of him.
used in ancient birch bark.But, unfortunately, to have survived only a small number of letters written on it.
forerunner of the modern paper
history of the paper in its present form did not exist until the 18th century.Different technologies of production, depending on the material used, be it wood or rags.
Attempts to use wood fiber itself did not give significant results.Although China has successfully used the bamboo at the end of the first millennium AD.
advantageous raw material for the book of paper and waste paper served as an old worn-out clothes from canvas fabrics.Here at the newspaper was a cheaper material, such as straw.So much so that the resulting shortage of them, some countries even impose a ban on the export of rags.And in America there was a situation, when book printers selling books only to those who brought them raw materials for processing.Under the influence of the excessive demand prices will grow, leading to the emergence of black markets.
chopped raw material was placed into a large vat of water and then thoroughly mixed to a state of slurry, the particles were placed in a mixture of more or less uniformly.Originally used manual labor and work cherpalschika was very respected.He saw to it that semi-finished product reaches the desired condition, then lecturing gruel on a sieve.
Later came the mill waterwheel which drives the shaft.Its mechanical energy is transmitted to the grinding of raw materials for pulp.Each mill to denote exclusivity their production used a stamp or watermark.On the metal mesh scoop sewn wire any sign that appears on the paper weight after drying.
From Spain paper business migrated to other European countries.Italian masters have learned to experiment with the chemical reagents.White paper was obtained by bleaching with chlorine, and the use of organic glue from animal bones welded allowed not absorb ink.
in pre-Petrine era, our country purchased the paper from France and Italy, and only in 1714 laid the first water mill for the mechanization of the production process.But despite some slippage Europe from Asia, where it came up with a way to create a stamped paper with water marks, which had neither the Chinese nor the Arabs.
Pulp and industrial revolution
history of the paper has undergone a big change after studying the composition of the wood and the appearance of the roll paper without a trace grid.
opening of pulp in 1719 owned by the French chemist Rene Reaumur.It was he who first suggested its use in the production process.Cellulose is a dense layer of polymer of glucose molecules, which form a protective barrier in the composition of cell membranes.The process of its selection of wood or grass fiber occurs under the action of chemicals that break down less stable substances that make up the cells.The higher the cellulose content in the plant, the more dense the paper obtained therefrom.But with the emergence of a paper machine is the raw material has been widely used.
first machine for the production of high-quality paper with no trace of the grid appeared in England.But while it is still made of flax waste rags, which are crushed in a special unit called "roll".The pulp is not laid on a metal sieve and a special dense fabric weaving.These sheets are called "Whatman" in honor of the owner of the factory, they acquired characteristic roughness and velvety.This enabled occur watercolor techniques for writing painting, sliding the leading position of the canvas and oil paints.
But the demand for paper was huge.To increase its quantity, any paper machine.Rolls pulverized sawdust, wood processing industries, which are then placed in an acidic or alkaline environment, where the cleavage reaction of the wood fibers and cellulose stood out.The resulting mass of semi-finished paper swells good soaking water.After that it has conditionally be considered untreated paper.But for shaping slurry was rolled between two counter-rotating shafts with copper mesh.Thus there paper rolls.And just paper obtained after cutting its special knives.This process allowed the paper to create a certain size and density in a huge number of almost automatic way.
depending on the destination of the pulp introduced special additives.For example, the light-sensitive components are treated with special paper "photo", it is linked to the fact that the exercise was carried out pictures in a room with red lighting.A coloring sheets attached desired shades.
role of paper in the development of mankind
long time, paper production was limited circle of trade secret owners.Its production process was extremely time-consuming.The history of the paper, as well as its use, was the privilege of the representatives of the wealthy class, which corresponded, read a book, to raise the level of education.
The more affordable the paper media, the growing rate of more new information gained wide range of people.For example, Marco Polo wrote a book about his travels, it read by thousands of people, and the picture of the world has widened.Darwin described his conclusions about the origin of species that came to him in his youth, when he went on an expedition aboard the "Beagle".So
increased level of education of the society, which indirectly has brought the current level of development.Developed the printing press, there is no need to hand-written texts, later appeared typewriters, and in the computer age - Printers.
Modern types of paper
History of drawing paper has not undergone major changes.For creativity still rough handmade paper demand and industrial production.When selected in the first instance consider what the absorption capacity, as they were crushed fibers.The bigger they are, the more paper will be mahram when scraping.
Office lightweight paper is primarily intended for or laser printer's print cartridge.Copying is carried out on a similar technology.But in the past for this purpose it was used carbon paper, one side of which is covered with a thin layer of colored pigment.Now it is used only for the simultaneous duplication of handwriting certificates and receipts.
print digital images greatly influenced such thing as paper.Image, printed on it, has both a glossy surface and a matte.Assuming a laser or inkjet printer, choosing different types of paper density.Also, the quality of the paper should be considered when using certain ink refilled cartridge.
disposable paper handkerchiefs are more practical than their cloth counterparts.Roll of toilet paper is produced is not the first century.But in America the case when instead of a roll produced volumes of cheap poetry of soft paper for hygiene purposes.Some of this has led to confusion, but the manufacturer originally conceived to combine the two processes.
Paper corrugated cardboard type made of relatively cheap raw materials - straw.Durability is achieved by the folded bellows layer located between two sheets of cardboard.Thus, the pressure exerted by the weight of objects is dispersed by the elastic layer which is resistant to deformation.But this board has visible inclusions fibers, due to the porous texture of the box from a deformed under the influence of water, although in other cases they are very convenient for transportation.
for packaging food products using the technology, "Tetra Pak".The inner layer of the package, wetted, covered with a thin layer of foil food.The outer carton is bright with a glossy surface, which caused the name, composition and so on.
Prospects
Paper media moribund.Despite the fact that reading is still very popular, paper books, magazines and newspapers are purchased less frequently.There is a gradual replacement of their electronic counterparts.
meter readings are increasingly stored in electronic form.
