One of the most ancient sciences is, of course, biology.People's interest in the processes taking place within them and the surrounding beings originated several thousand years BC.
observation of animals, plants, natural processes was an important part of people's lives.Over time, I accumulated a lot of knowledge, improved and developed methods for the study of nature and mechanisms in place there.This led to the emergence of many sections that make up a total of complex science.
Biological research in different areas of life make it possible to obtain new and valuable data, important for understanding the planet's biomass unit.Use this knowledge to practical purposes, human (space exploration, medicine, agriculture, the chemical industry, and so on).
Modern biology
Today accomplish this multifaceted science can achieve many positive results.So, modern science offers a number of solutions to the problems of human disease from the effect of viruses and bacteria.It became possible to be in the space without injury about 3 months, thus used as the source of oxygen unicellular microorganisms or plants.
Many discoveries led to biological research in the field of the internal structure and functioning of all living systems.It examined the molecular composition of the organisms and their microstructure, isolated and studied many genes from the human genome and animals, and plants.The merits of biotechnology, cell and genetic engineering allow plants to obtain several harvests per season, as well as output breeds of animals that give more meat, milk and eggs.
Studying microorganisms allowed to receive antibiotics and create tens or hundreds of vaccines, allowing to win many diseases, even those that previously intact epidemics claimed thousands of lives of people and animals.
why modern science biology - it's limitless possibilities of humanity in many fields of science, industry and health.
Classification of Biological Sciences
One of the first sections were private science of biology.Such as botany, zoology, anatomy and taxonomy.Later they began to take shape more dependent on technical equipment of disciplines - microbiology, physiology, and so on.
There are a number of young and progressive science, formed only in the XX-XXI century and plays a big role in the development of modern biology.
There is not one but several classifications, which can rank the biological sciences.List them quite impressive in all cases, consider one of them.
| Biology | Private science | Botany | engaged in the study of the external and internal structure, physiological processes, phylogeny and distribution in the nature of all existing in the world of plants (flora) | includes the following sections:
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| Zoology | engaged in the study of the external and internal structure, physiological processes, phylogeny and distribution in the nature of all existing in the world of animals (fauna) | Disciplines that make up:
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| Human Anatomy | study the shape, structure, location and function of organs and systems in the human body | Disciplines:
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| Anthropology | number of disciplines in a complex learning development and formation of human biological and social environment | Categories: philosophical, judicial, religious, physical, social, cultural, visual. | ||
| Microbiology | studying the smallest organisms in nature, from unicellular animals to bacteria and viruses | disciplines: virology, bacteriology, medical microbiology, mycology, industrial, technical, agricultural, space microbiology | ||
| General Science | Systematics | tasks is to develop a framework for the classification of all life on our planet for the purpose of strict order and the identification of any member of the biomass | ||
| Morphology | description of external features, internal structure and topography of all living beings | Categories: plants, animals, microorganisms, fungi | ||
| Physiology | studying the peculiarities of this or that system, organ or part of the body, mechanisms of processes that provide its vital functions | plant, animal, human, microbial | ||
| Ecology | science of the relationship of living beings with each other, habitat and human | Geoecology, general, social, industrial | ||
| Genetics | studying the genome of living beings, the mechanisms of heredity and variability of traits under the influence of different conditions, as well as historical changesgenotype for evolutionary transformations | |||
| Biogeography | considering resettlement and distribution of selected species of living beings on the planet | |||
| Evolutionary theory | reveals the mechanisms of the historical development of humans and other living systems on the planet.Their origin and formation | |||
| Complex science, arising at the junction with each other | Biochemistry | studying the processes occurring in the cells of living beings from a chemical point of view | ||
| Biotechnology | treatsthe possibility of using organisms and their products or parts for the needs of human | |||
| Molecular Biology | studies the mechanisms of transmission, storage and use of genetic information of living beings, as well as features and fine structure of proteins, DNA and RNA. | related sciences: genetic and cellular engineering, molecular genetics, bioinformatics, proteomics, genomics | ||
| Biophysics | is the study of all possible physical processes that occur in all living organisms, from viruses to human | Topics in thisDiscipline will be discussed below |
Thus, we have tried to cover the main variety, which is a biological sciences.The list is the development of techniques and methods for the study expands replenished.Therefore, a single classification of biology does not exist today.
Advanced Bioscience and their importance
For the youngest, a modern and progressive science of biology are such as:
- biotechnology;
- molecular biology;
- space biology;
- biophysics;
- biochemistry.
Each of these sciences was formed not before the XX century, and therefore is considered to be a young, rapidly developing and most important for the practical activity of man.
dwell on such of them as biophysics.It is a science, which appeared around 1945 and has become an important part of the whole biological system.
What is biophysics?
To answer this question, we should first point to its close contact with chemistry and biology.In some questions the boundaries between the sciences is so close that it is difficult to make out which of them are specifically involved in priority.So consider how complex biophysics is the science that studies the profound physical and chemical processes occurring in living systems at the level of molecules, cells, organs, and at the level of the biosphere as a whole.
Like any other, biophysics - science has its own object of study, goals and objectives, as well as a decent and meaningful results.In addition, this discipline is closely correlated with a number of new directions.
Objects of research
They biophysics are biosystem at different organizational levels.
- Micro-organisms (bacteria, viruses, unicellular fungi and algae).
- just animals.
- individual cells and their structural parts (organelles).
- Plants.
- animals (including man).
- ecological communities.
That is Biophysics - the study of living in terms of the physical processes taking place in it.
Tasks science
biophysicists initial tasks were to prove the existence of physical processes and phenomena in the life of living beings and to examine them, to clarify the nature and meaning.
modern problem of this science can be formulated as follows:
- study the structure of the genes and mechanisms that accompany their transmission and storage, modification (mutation).
- consider many aspects of cell biology (cell interaction with each other chromosomal and genetic interactions and other processes).
- Examine in combination with molecular biology polymer molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides).
- cosmogeophysical identify the impact factors on the course of physical and chemical processes in living organisms.
- more deeply to reveal the mechanisms of photobiology (photosynthesis, photoperiodism, and so on).
- introduce and develop mathematical modeling methods.
- Apply results of nanotechnology to the study of living systems.
From this list it is clear that a lot of biophysics studies the significant and serious problems of modern society, and the results of this science are important to the person and his life.The history of the
biophysics as a science originated relatively recently - in 1945, when Erwin Schrödinger published his work "What is life from the point of view of physics."It was he who first noticed and pointed out that many of the laws of physics (thermodynamic laws of quantum mechanics) are the place to be is in life and work of the body of living beings.
Thanks to the work of this man of science biophysics began its intensive development.But even earlier, in 1922, Russia created Institute of Biophysics, headed by Lazarev.They play a major role in the study of the nature of excitation of tissues and organs.The result was the identification of the value of the ions in the process.
Then a series of discoveries of different scientists allows us to understand that biophysics - is complete, capacious and complex science needed to understand all the processes occurring in living systems.
- Galvani open electricity and its importance for living tissues (bioelectricity).
- ALChizhevsky - father of several disciplines studying the effect of space on the biosphere, as well as ionization radiation and elektrogemodinamiku.
- detailed structure of protein molecules has been studied only after the discovery of X-ray diffraction (X-ray analysis).This was done by scientists Perutz and Kendrew (1962).
- In the same year opened the three-dimensional structure of DNA (Maurice Wilkins).
- Neer and Zachman Framework in 1991 were able to develop a method of fixing the local electric potential.
also a number of other discoveries of science, biophysics allowed embark on an intense and progressive modernization in the development and formation.
Sections Biophysics
There are a number of disciplines that make up this science.Consider the most basic of them.
- Biophysics of complex systems - considering all the complex mechanisms of self-regulation of multicellular organisms (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, sinergogenez).Also, the discipline we study the physical component of the process of ontogeny and evolutionary development, levels of organization of organisms.
- Bioacoustics and biophysics of sensory systems - studies of living organisms sensory systems (vision, hearing, reception, speech, etc.), different ways of broadcasting signals.Identify mechanisms of energy conversion in the perception of the organisms external influences (stimuli).
- Theoretical Biophysics - includes a number of podnauk engaged in the study of the thermodynamics of biological processes, construction of mathematical models of the structural parts of organisms.Also, considering the kinetic processes.
- Molecular Biophysics - considering the deep mechanisms of structural organization and functioning of biopolymers such as DNA, RNA, proteins, polysaccharides.Engaged in the construction of models and graphic images of these molecules, predicts behavior and their formation in living systems.Also, this builds discipline and submolecular supramolecular systems in order to determine the mechanism of action of construction and biopolymers in living systems.
- Cell Biophysics.Learning the most important cellular processes: differentiation, division, agitation and biopotentials of the membrane structure.Particular attention is paid to membrane transport mechanisms substances potential difference, properties and structure of the membrane and the surrounding parts.
- Biophysics metabolism.Key these processes: photosynthesis, solarization and adaptation of organisms to it, hemodynamics, thermotaxis, metabolism, the effect of ionizing radiation.
- Applied Biophysics.It consists of several disciplines: bioinformatics, biometrics, biomechanics, the study of evolutionary processes and ontogenesis, pathological (medical) biophysics.The object of study Applied Biophysics - musculoskeletal system, ways of moving, ways to recognize people's physical traits.Special attention should be medical biophysics.It considers the pathological processes in the body, how the reconstruction of the damaged areas of the molecules or structures or their compensation.It provides material for biotechnology.It is of great importance in the prevention of diseases, especially of the genetic nature of their elimination and explain the mechanisms of action.
- Biophysics environment - studying the physical impact on both the local habitat of creatures, and the effect of near and far subjects of outer space.Also consider the biorhythms, the impact of weather conditions and biological fields on the substance.Develops methods of measures to prevent the negative impacts of environmental conditions.
All these disciplines are making a huge contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms of vital activity of living systems, their impact on the biosphere and the different conditions.
Recent advances
can name some of the most significant events that relate to the achievements of biophysics:
- reveal the mechanism of cloning organisms;
- studied particular reactions and the role of nitric oxide in living systems;
- the interrelation of small and messenger RNA, which in the future will help you find the solution to many health problems (elimination of diseases);
- open autowaves physical nature;
- thanks to the work of molecular biophysics studied aspects of the synthesis and DNA replication, which resulted in the possibility of creating a number of new drugs for serious and complex diseases;
- created computer models of all the reactions that accompany the process of photosynthesis;
- developed methods for ultrasound of the body;
- established between cosmogeophysical and biochemical processes;
