understanding of human structure, composition, way of life and types of interaction of all living beings on the planet helps him to use this knowledge for their own purposes, for the benefit of human civilization.And interest in the world around them has always been inherent in the people.Ever since the ancient times, people tried to figure out how to construct organisms what they are, which are and which are important.
That is why in time was born and received the most tremendous popularity among science discipline such as biology.First it concerned only the plants, then animals, humans and microorganisms, and finally reached in its development to the point where it became possible to look inside the tiniest creatures.On the way of formation of biological sciences spun off many children, who are now all integrated and constitute its essence.
Biological sciences
There are a number of different sciences, which includes biology.Consider their classification.
I. General Science
- Systematics.
- morphology (anatomy, histology, cytology).
- Physiology.
- evolutionary theory.
- Biogeography.
- Ecology.
- Genetics.
II.Complex
- Parasitology.
- Hydrobiology.
- Soil.
III.Private science
- Botany.
- Zoology.
- Anthropology.
This method of division of biological sciences has been proposed scholar BG Ioganzenom in 1969, and he has not lost its relevance to this day.This classification covers almost every major discipline, but the most modern - biotechnology, biochemistry, gene and cell engineering and some medical science.
anatomy and related disciplines
One of the earliest and most important biological disciplines is anatomy.Here we look at it in more detail.
Firstly, the question arises: anatomy - what is it?What did she learn?Replies can be formulated more.But the essence of the following.
Anatomy - the science of the shape of organs and organ systems, their structure and functioning.This discipline is a branch of morphology and of itself includes two varieties:
- plant anatomy - structure, shape and location of organs and tissues of the plant beings;
- anatomy of animals and humans - all the same, only the fauna.
anatomy and other sciences is located in close cooperation, and this is not surprising.It is difficult to study the molecular structure of the cells of the liver, if you do not know what the liver, where it is and what functions are performed.Therefore, the discipline occupies a very important place in the general system of biological sciences.
itself Anatomy divided into the following varieties:
- comparative;
- systematic;
- age;
- topographic;
- plastic;
- functional;
- experimental morphology.
Each section has its own goals and objectives of the study, its object and subject of study and makes a very large contribution to the accumulation of theoretical knowledge of biology.
Goals and Objectives Science
Anatomy - What is specifically studying the discipline?For the answer we turn to the goals and objectives of this science.
The goal: to generate accurate theoretical knowledge, backed up by practical experimental studies of the structure of the human body, the shape and position of his organs and systems, their formation in the process of evolution and transformation over time under the influence of environmental factors.
In connection with the target anatomy - the science, solve the following problems:
- Explore the stages of the formation of man and his body as a process of evolution.
- consider the structure of their systems and to study the patterns of change as a result of age-related changes.
- conditions and investigate the influence of environmental factors on the development and the formation of organs and systems of the human body.
Thus, we have received a specific and complete answer to the question "Anatomy - what is it?"and can proceed to the consideration of the history of this science.
history of anatomy as a science
As a science, this discipline is formed only in the XVIII century.However, theoretical knowledge began to accumulate in ancient times, thanks to the work of such greats as Hippocrates, Aristotle, Gerofil, Erasistratus and others.
more fully and clearly consider how to shape the anatomy (the science of man) for ages as a table.
| Ancient Greece, Egypt, Persia, and China (460 g BC. E. - XIII century AD) | Middle Ages and the Renaissance (XIII - XVIII century) | modern and contemporary times (XVIII - XXI century) |
| 1. "Ayurveda" (Indian book).It contains a description of some of the organs, muscles and nerves. | early Middle Ages is characterized by stagnation in the development of anatomical knowledge.Nothing is studied and investigated, as this is forbidden by the church.But by the end of XVII - the beginning of the XVIII century - the period of the Renaissance.At this time, a series of events unfold that became a milestone in the history of science. | This period is characterized by the creation of magnifying devices that allow you to open smaller structures and micro-organisms.Appears medical anatomy.Creates new methods of study of living organisms, including humans.Determined clear notion of what the anatomy - the science that studies are not just bodies, but the whole system of their work and for the formation of life. |
| 2. "Neytszin" (Chinese book).It includes descriptions of the heart, kidneys, liver and other human organs. | 1. The Italian Mondino in 1316 created the first tutorial book, stating that the Anatomy - the science of human bodies and their lives. | 1. Karl Baer (1792-1876 biennium) - opened the egg man, I have studied the mechanisms of formation of germ layers and the beginning of the formation of these bodies.He became the founder of the theory of recapitulation (repetition) in embryogenesis human embryo some outward signs of animals. |
| 3. The Egyptian physician Imhotep studied the components of the human body based on the bodies for mummification.All observations are described and thus create his work. | 2. 1473 g - published works of Avicenna and Celsus, produced the first medical anatomical glossary. | 2. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Charles Darwin made a great contribution to the development of evolutionary theory.Darwin - the author of the most widespread theory of the origin of human species and their historical development. |
| 4. Roman Gerofil and his main work "anatomist".He specifically studied the internal structure of the corpses of people made a great contribution to the development of the human anatomy, it is called the father of the discipline. | 3. The special contribution to the development of the discipline introduced the painter Leonardo da Vinci, who skillfully used his artistic talent to accurately zarisovyvaniya muscles, organs, parts of the skeleton of the human body.He owns more than 600, precise and clear images, which reflect the work of muscles and their structure, various organs and bones. | 3. Louis Pasteur - a brilliant scientist, chemist, microbiologist.Failed to prove the impossibility of spontaneous generation of life without the participation of microorganisms.I spent a lot of experiments to prove this fact, the father of microbiology.He also developed the first attempts of people vaccinated against diseases. |
| 5. Erasistratus (Greece) also studied anatomy on the corpses of convicted law.Hippocrates extended refutes the doctrine of fluids control the human body and its diseases.He described some of the organs and muscles. | 4. Andreas Vesalius - a doctor, researcher, creator semitomnika anatomy.One of the greatest scholars of his time anatomy.Accept only observation and experiment, all results obtained by autopsy and gathering bones in cemeteries. | 4. Kaspar Wolf - founder of embryogenesis, its main trends and directions. |
| 6. Claudius Galen - his works belong to 400 sources, which he described in detail the dozens of structural parts of the body, including the nerves and muscles.His works were first learning materials for other people in the study of anatomy. | 5. William Harvey - made an invaluable contribution to the development of ideas about the movement of blood through the vessels.The founder of the biogenetic law, he expressed the idea of the origin of all living things from one egg. | 5. Luigi Galvani - the famous physicist who discovered the electrical nature of nerve impulses in the tissues of living beings of animal origin.The founder of electrophysiology. |
| 7. Celsus - the founder of many medical aspects of anatomy.He studied dressings vascular surgery and health foundations. | 6. Eustace - opened Eustachian tube, named in his honor (Eustachian), which connects the middle ear and the outside atmosphere.Also, he owns the discovery and description of the adrenal glands.Many described their bodies were placed in a common work which he finished and could not. | 6. A huge contribution to the development of anatomy and medicine in Russia, introduced by Peter I. It was he who set the pace by which the scientists of our country have managed to make a number of important and significant discoveries and to give science an opportunity to develop intensively.King himself took over the experience of foreign workers.Creation of the Russian Academy of Sciences has been crucial in the development of many disciplines. |
| 8. Persian physician Abu Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - has developed the theory that the human body 4 main organ responsible for all his work: heart, testis, liver, and brain. | 7. Gabriele Fallopian - the pupil of Vesalius.He owns the description and discovery of a number of small structural parts of the body: the eardrum, eye and palate muscle elements of the organ of hearing.They have been described basic structure of the female reproductive organs. | 7. NI Pirogov - a distinguished surgeon, the founder of comparative anatomy, the inventor of the method of "ice anatomy" (sawing pieces of frozen corpses for study and comparison).His work became the basis for the development of surgery. |
| 9. Greeks Alcmaeon and Empedocles.Contributed to the development of knowledge about the ear and the organs of vision, and the nerves surrounding them. | 8. Thomas Willis - a doctor, who is known for the discovery of a number of human diseases, as well as a careful study of the nervous system of people. | 8. PA Zagorski and IV Buyalsky first developed and released anatomical atlases and manuals for students. |
| 10. Greeks Anaxagoras and Aristophanes.Studied independently by the brain and its membranes, described what he saw. | 9. Gleeson.He described bodies and more carefully studied the children of human diseases. | 9. Lesgaft - founder of functional anatomy.He studied and described the muscles, bones, and the work of their structure, the joints. |
| 11. Euripides and Diogenes were able to see the portal vein, we described some of the circulatory system, and many other organs and their work. | 10. Casparo Azelli.He made a fairly accurate description of the lymphatic vessels of the intestine.A lot of work put into the development of ideas about the action of the blood and lymphatic system. | 10. VN Tonkov.He suggested the use of X-rays to study the skeleton.The founder of experimental anatomy as a discipline. |
| 12. Aristotle.He studied plants, animals and humans.He created more than 400 works from different areas of biology.Considered the foundation of all living soul, pointed out the similarity in the structure of the animal and the human. | 11. It is an important step forward in the development of anatomical steel "anatomical theater": autopsy publicly.In such events were allowed wishing to study medicine.During the autopsy, conducted a joint discussion of what he saw.Relief from the Church as a positive impact on learning the basics of anatomy. | 11. DAZhdanov, BILavrentiev, NMJakubowicz made a great contribution to the development of knowledge about the structure and mechanisms of the brain, to conduct impulses. |
| 13. Hippocrates - author of the idea of driving the four body fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black.He denied the theological views of the anatomy of humans and animals. | 12. Mechnikov - author of the theory of immunity, the discoverer of the process of phagocytosis.Awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in this area. |
course, this is not a complete list of the names whose works are of great theoretical and practical value in the development of a science, as anatomy.
What is the anatomy of today?Modern scientists also did not stop there.Periodically, there are all new discoveries of various structures and their functions.This means that some processes are still incomprehensible to man, and he has something to strive for.
Communication anatomy and physiology
very closely related to each other anatomy and physiology.As a science, it is only in combination can provide complete information about the structure, shape, structure and function of an organ system.That is why on a par with the corresponding anatomical science exists physiology of plants and animals, including humans.
This is a very important interaction, enabling a deeper understanding of the workings of the human body.So, the right to manage them.In turn, these data are very important for medicine.It turns out that almost all the biological sciences - are closely intertwined tangle, pulling the thread which you can get a unique and complete information about any living being.
Anatomy for students
The course curriculum one of the important subjects for high school students is the anatomy.In a class begins its study?As a science, it is taught, from the eighth.But first knowledge about the structure and functioning of the human body organs are already in primary school.
study of the subject in the primary school
course, study the discipline does not begin with the first class, while the abstract and in an accessible form for children explains some anatomical concepts.For example, the wrong seat at a desk can lead to curvature of the spine.Typically, at this age have all the children know where the spine.It was only in the fourth grade begins "real" anatomy.Grade 4 - zavershayushy this stage of primary education.Children are well trained enough to learn to understand the most basic anatomical processes.The training provided by the program in the course of discipline "outside world".Babies given the general topography of the human body, their name and the name of the systems that they form.Also focuses on the functions performed.
Anatomy for 8th grade
On average level of education most detailed and complete study human anatomy.Grade 8 assumes a full year of careful consideration of the issues and the volume of this discipline.In this period we studied everything from the history of anatomy and ending with the higher nervous activity and childbearing.
children learn about all the features of the structure and functioning of the organ systems, individual components and provides detailed information on the impact of external factors on the development of people.Affected the evolution and formation of the human race.That is, a complex with other sciences study human anatomy.
textbook "Grade 8. Anatomy" includes a brightly illustrated, high-quality and accessible presentation of information on all matters of discipline.In addition, attached to it, electronic aids, involves the study of issues of science virtually.To set up the textbook and workbooks for students, and a number of manuals for teachers.
This makes it possible to consolidate the knowledge that gives biology (human anatomy).Grade 8 - not the only one in which the affected anatomical issues, but the main one.
study of discipline in the 9th grade school
In some schools, this science is relevant at a later time - in the course of the 9th grade.Many people believe that because of the complexity of the subject is best assimilation will occur during this adolescence, a period of formation of the adult child's consciousness.
