As diverse world of fungi, these creatures of nature, endowed with certain properties and plants, and animals!Not so long ago, in 1970, scientists have isolated them in a special realm (in the beginning, many fungi ranked as the plants).A science that describes the livelihoods of different types of mushrooms was called mycology (the section of botany).
great kingdom
you already know that it is not only white, boletus, boletus, mushrooms and other fungi shlyapochnye with whom we meet in the forest, collecting them for cooking.And not only those mushrooms and oyster mushrooms that dot the shelves of supermarkets.The kingdom of fungi - the largest group of organisms that live on the planet Earth, from the simplest and invisible to the naked eye of threads to the giant-porcini, which can provide shelter, like a fairy tale, small animals and insects.And shlyapochnye mushrooms - only a small, but certainly an important segment of the larger community.About them something and discussed today.
General characteristics
These include first and foremost the famous wild mushrooms: white and aspen, birch and mushrooms, russula and fly agaric, mushrooms and mushrooms and many others.They grow in the forests - deciduous and coniferous, bogs, meadows, near the water.And in the city, and they can be found in parks and squares, and gardens.It is composed of some of these tales of the peoples of the world, that they are used mostly for food, as many of these creatures of nature are edible and useful for people.
Mushrooms and Fungi people
shlyapochnye play in people's lives is very important.In the first place, especially in ancient times, it is one of the sources of food.The mushrooms a lot of protein, trace elements and vitamins, which allows them to occupy a worthy place in the human food chain and at the present time.Mushrooms shlyapochnye may be prepared by a variety of culinary processes.And with their participation in the world of kitchen practice among the various peoples of the Earth, there are hundreds of delicious dishes.
Symbiosis
are of great importance shlyapochnye fungi and higher plants.Most of them - saprotrophs and live only in conjunction with the trees (by the way, it is reflected in some of the names: boletus, aspen, for example).Shlyapochnye eating mushrooms?The mycelium is tightly wound around the root sponges, performing the function of a kind of root hairs, contributing to the full delivery of the trunk and the saturation with nutrients, minerals and water.But of the tree mushrooms shlyapochnye get ready organics, which are processed into inorganic compounds that act as food for higher plants.Thus, manifests the symbiosis of these few species mutually advantageous cooperation, called mycorrhiza.
Fruit body
Actually, what we call a mushroom is the only part of the whole organism, its fruit body.The other (and main) part - mycelium - hidden from prying eyes in the land rich in humus or rotten wood.Most of the species of fungi mycelia, mycelium consists of numerous hyphae.Of these, some under favorable conditions (rain, warm weather) and form fruiting bodies of fungi pileate, come out to the surface.Typically, they consist of caps and stems (but there monovarianty: hat only).
tubular and plate
Perhaps you already know what mushrooms are shlyapochnye in nature?They are subdivided into tubular and plate.At first - debate, intended for propagation, can be formed in the narrow tubules cap having a tubular shape.In the second - debate plates located in the cap.
Plate
Their hats rather fleshy, sometimes elastic, leathery and webbed.The most famous: russula, volnushki, mushrooms, mushrooms, honey, and many other kinds of mushrooms pileate.Syroezhek alone there are about 300 species!Many of them are edible and traditionally coined by human food in salted, boiled, fried.Some are quite pungent flavor that disappears by soaking and boiling.It became particularly popular mushrooms, which also has many species, most of which - are edible.Mushrooms are also related to the plate fungi often grow naturally in the earth and manure on meadows and pastures.Often forming circular settlement, which is popularly known as "witches rings".
Tubular
them in nature, there are just under 250 species.There are widespread in the temperate latitudes of the various countries of the world.Have a cushion hat, round and fleshy.The tubular layer of the cap is quite simply peeled off.It is known that many tubular enter into symbiosis with higher plants - a certain kind of trees.Almost all tubular edible.The best known are: white, aspen, birch, Mokhovikov, boletus.Some of the tube contains in its composition and even antibiotics capable of killing pathogens.
artificial cultivation
In terms of cultivation and artificial cultivation of mushrooms: for many it seems tubular malovozmozhnym.Since they only exist in a symbiotic relationship with certain trees.Thus, for breeding, for example, birch industrial scale need to plant an entire birch grove.But the cultivation of some of the plate is not only possible, but also successfully used by people for several centuries.So, the experience of the people breeding mushrooms has up to 300 years.And now the popular oyster grown in a wet basement, with great success.
tinder
Trutovik - amanita-parasite infests trees and capable of destroying their timber.There are copies of tinder, reach a weight of 10 kg.They are usually located on a tree trunk.And after the death of the tree tinder for a long time can continue to live, disposing of wood and feeding on rotting wood residues.
Poisonous mushrooms shlyapochnye
particular danger for humans are toxic shlyapochnye fungi that can cause severe poisoning.Of these, the most poisonous considered pale toadstool.If you eat it (even having welded beforehand), it can lead to death.
Amanita false mushrooms, satanic and gall fungus also pose a danger to humans.In no case can not be eaten.As a rule, these mushrooms are edible and twins, similar in appearance.This further increases the risk of collecting mushrooms.And before you go on a mushroom hunt, you must learn to understand clearly the kinds of fungi, to avoid becoming a victim of food poisoning.Some shlyapochnye - conventionally edible.These include: svinushki, morels and lines.In these harmful substances are removed by repeated boiling and water exchange.It should also be remembered novice mushroom pickers, some mushrooms, even considered edible, can be poisonous if gathered along the railway or highway.This is because the fungi tend to absorb harmful substances secreted by the locomotives and cars.So, going for mushrooms, it is best to delve further into the forest.
The contents of this article can be used for biology class on "amanita" (Class 5).
