problem of extremism has affected many countries.The phenomenon of discriminatory violence has a long and tragic history.The colonial past of many countries contributing to the mixed companies in which the human skin color, nationality, religion or ethnicity determined its legal status.But even today, among the factors that cause particular concern, - the constant increase in crimes of violence motivated by racial, religious and ethnic intolerance.The fight against extremism is important.Because xenophobia and racism against foreigners often acquire scale social phenomena, and a series of murders and cases of ill-treatment is a major concern increasing destructive aggression in society.Countering extremism - one of the main tasks of any state.It is a guarantee of its security.
concept of "extremism"
This concept is closely related to extremes.Extremism - a commitment to ideology and politics to the extreme positions in the views and the choice of the means to achieve certain goals.The term is translated "the limit", "critical", "incredible", "extreme".Extremism - a current that opposes the existing community structures and institutions, trying to disrupt their stability, to eliminate in order to achieve their goals.This is done mostly by force methods.Extremism - is not only a disregard for conventional rules, regulations, laws, and negative social phenomenon.
Feature extremism
simultaneous commitment to extreme actions and views available in any sphere of public life.Every crime - it is also extreme antisocial behavior, acute form of social conflict, going beyond the rules, but we do not call the whole crime extremism.Because these concepts are different.Under extremism should be understood clearly defined phenomenon.Some researchers define extremism as an attachment, devotion extreme measures and views (usually in the policy).They note that extremism is manifested in various spheres of human activity: politics, inter-ethnic and inter-ethnic relations, religious life, the environmental sphere, art, music, literature, etc.
Who is an extremist?
term "extremist" is often associated with a person who uses violence and protects as opposed to the generally accepted norms of society.Sometimes they call people who are trying to impose their will on society by force, but not as a government or a constitutional majority.There is another view that extremism - it is not easy and not always current, which is identified with the violent factor.For example, the English explorer in his work notes that the policy of non-violent struggle (satyagraha) of Mahatma Gandhi in India is an example of a new type of extremism.So, extremism can be seen as a way of radical opposition to not only legal rules but also societal norms - established rules of conduct.
Youth extremism
Youth extremism in Russia - a relatively new phenomenon, unlike Britain, where it appeared in the 50-60-ies of XX century.It determines the insufficient elaboration of the topic in the legal literature.In our view, there are a number of unresolved issues related to research and the prevention of crimes of an extremist nature, committed by young people in the group.Extremism in the youth environment is constantly gaining momentum.This, for example, movements such as skinheads, anti-fascists.
crime and extremism
Criminal extremism - it is illegal, socially dangerous act a person or group of persons, aimed at achieving its objectives (goals), based on the basis of the extreme ideological, political and other views.Following this understanding, it is reasonable to claim that virtually every crime, and is a manifestation of extremism.Crime associated with the manifestation of its various forms, can not be considered fully without examining the social extremism as a negative factor and its relation to the mechanism of state power and social control.
racially-nationalist extremism
As confirmed by the study of social reality, one of the most common types is a national extremism.Typically, this is a manifestation of extreme views in the area and about the mutual co-existence of different ethnic groups and races.One of the objects of these attacks are just ethnic groups in all their diversity, not the nation, as is often noted in the journalistic, academic and other sources.Extremism is known to mankind since ancient times, since when the power over other people began to bring tangible benefits and, therefore, become a subject of the aspirations of individuals.They tried to achieve the desired goal by any means.At the same time they are not embarrassed by moral principles and barriers that generally accepted rules, traditions and interests of other people.The aim is always and at all times justifies the means, and the person who aspired to the heights of power did not stop even before the use of the most brutal and barbaric actions, including the destruction of open violence, terrorism.
Background
extremism existed since the emergence of an organized society.At different periods, he appeared in various forms.In particular, in ancient Greece extremism was presented in the form of intolerance towards other peoples.For example, in the works of the famous ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle observed the use of the name "Barbara" (barbarus) or "barbarians" with respect to the neighboring nations.In this way they disrespect them.The Romans had used that name to all the peoples of non-Greek or non-Roman origin, but at the end of the Roman Empire, the word "barbarian" started to use in the context of the various Germanic tribes.The same trend was observed in ancient China, when China's neighbors were perceived as wild and brutal tribes of foreigners.The latter are called "food" ("dwarfs" and "dog") or "these" ("four barbarians").
experts in the fields of sociology and jurisprudence consider that the causes of extremism are rooted in human psychology.It originated in the time of formation of statehood.However, modern extremism in Russia is due to many social, legal, political, religious, administrative, economic and other processes occurring at a certain geographic area during the last century.Analysis of literature on this subject indicates that extremism in any state has different social and criminological characteristics.In addition, extremism, as well as every social phenomenon, characterized by a historical variability.
Virtually all conspiracies and rebellions, which is rich in both domestic and world history are, in terms of the then law and the existing social order is not nothing but a peculiar type of criminal gangs that sought to achieve political goals.But at the same time there have been cases of group spontaneously impulsive outbursts arbitrariness of vandalism and violence against the person and criminal association existed orientation.Opinion that in the twenties of the last century organized crime (at least in the modern sense of the word) has not taken place, can hardly be regarded as correct.After historical studies indicate the presence of the branched structure of criminal groups, such as the pre-Revolutionary and Civil War Odessa, and indicated that the criminal activities of these extremist groups had character and all the signs of power (along with the governor and the French occupation).Extremism and crime - related phenomena.Only criminals seek material gain or power, and extremists advocate political, racial or religious convictions, which also does not exclude the desire for material.
Crime in the Soviet Union as the progenitor of extremist movements in Russia
During the twenties of the last century, during the implementation of the leadership of the Soviet Union, the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP) organized crime groups operated mainly in the economic sphere.Cover their activities are carried out under the guise of pseudo and other similar economic structures.Common crime only restores its influence after the harsh measures taken by the authorities to the aforementioned termination of robberies and murders.
Collapsing economic reforms in the late 20s and during the 30s of the last century renewed dominance of general criminal organized crime.This period is characterized by the emergence of a criminal association "thieves in law", and in science and journalism express different assumptions about its formation - by a natural occurrence to the deliberate creation of the organs of state security in prisons to provide a counterweight to the possibility of merging political prisoners and control.During the Second World War and in the post-war years there was a second surge of organized crime in the form of banditry.The research, which indicate that organized crime is not a new phenomenon for the society, according to its appearance in the 50s ... To combat the gangs involved military units in the police have set up special units to combat gang violencewhich successfully operated until the mid 50s, when the level of banditry as a result of austerity measures taken by the authorities has decreased significantly, and offices have been eliminated.
Soon there were theses about the extinction of crime under socialism and the elimination of professional criminals and banditry in the USSR.Recent postulates dominant in criminology Soviet times, actually hide the real gradual latentizatsiyu organized crime under ordinary direction, against the background of the birth of the strain of economic relations of economic or organized crime, as it is a long time, scientists were called "economically self-serving" orientation.
Youth Movement in the United States and the Soviet Union
In 60 years of the twentieth century.in the US, a new youth movement which is closely related to musical groups.Extremism among young people it originates from now.The members of the new movement were called hippies or "flower children."In the late 70's - early 80's a similar phenomenon occurs in the USSR.Hippies in the United States proved to be quite a viable force in the fight against reactionaries and conservatives.Unlike American "flower children" who protested, fought the war that took place in Vietnam, the Soviet hippies fighting against the repressive communist system.In contrast to the power system of the Soviet youth created their.Since the mid-70s hippie movement in the United States is in decline.
youth movement in the Soviet Union, in fact, was the ancestor of all subsequent youth trends, including extremist.
post-Soviet time
next wave of extremist organized crime has emerged on the territory of the former Soviet Union in the late twentieth century.as a result of certain social upheavals and social transformations.This greatly contributed to such factors as access to the will of a large number of prisoners, the destruction of the old police structures, small size and low professional competence of the new, the decline of the economic sphere, the devaluation of the established social values, disorientation society.Racketeering and banditry swept society.At the same time began to appear various youth movements: the anarchists, metal, rappers, etc.The national federation subjects double flowers bloomed religious and political extremism.The war in Chechnya is even more aggravated the situation.Religious and political extremism have become a lot of Islamist terrorist groups.As a reaction to this society began to experience various Slavic nationalist wing extremist movements: the skinheads, the National Bolsheviks, nationalists, etc.To all this, in addition mingled gangster and prison romance.After some time in the company begins to gain momentum the fight against extremism fascist.It appears movement "Antifa".Also, there is a transformation of fan organizations of football clubs in the group "Ultras".Ideology and the principles of the movement were taken in the UK (as well as fans of almost all football clubs in the world).Since the mid-90's gang expansion of social structures began to take on a daring character.Organized crime groups have entered a period of rapid development.Good technical equipment and weapons, the establishment of international relations OPS and OPG did the police actually not competitive with them.The reasons for extremism and banditry 90s are associated with socio-economic, political and military turmoil.Such a large-scale manifestation of extremism and banditry in the vast country has compelled the state apparatus to take some action.
two thousand years
in the XXI century.the situation is changing with the onset of the crisis of ideologies.The old forms of ideological politics lost its significance.First of all, it means their restructuring, development and transition to the new form.The authorities failed to curb banditry and began to take measures to prevent extremism, particularly Islamic movements.In the new decade bravely stepped skinheads, their opponents - "Antifa" nationalists.The movement of "ultras" has gained even greater momentum.Countering extremism on the part of the state is more concerned with the Islamic terrorist organizations and organized crime.This is understandable, since they represent the greatest danger.Therefore, prevention of extremism little affected Slavic youth movements.At the same time, the crisis of political ideology gives rise to protest movements.It mobilizes a variety of opposition structures, namely, the active minority, whose purpose is to draw public attention to certain ideas and social problems.Here the leading role played by the protest, and not counter-ideology.In response, there are pro-government organizations.There is also a consumer extremism.
Global trends in the world
radical protest movement aimed at changing human consciousness.So now there are three main types of such movements: anti-globalists, neoanarhisty and environmentalists.Antiglobalists - a separatist movement for national liberation and preservation of ethnic uniqueness.Neoanarhisty favor resistance to the centralized state apparatus from the bottom up and the dominance of society over the state.Environmentalists, as the English explorer John Shvartsmantel political ideologies - a movement aimed at solving one of the problems - survival.It aims to educate and criticism of anthropocentrism, received the highest level of development in the industrial society in which a person is postulated as the supreme being in nature.These movements can act in two ways: as superideologiya future or narrow-environmental movement.The fight against extremism takes a lot of time and effort from all the world's intelligence agencies and law enforcement.
types of extremist movements
To differentiate extremist community and criminal association encroaching on the person and the rights of citizens to be on the following grounds.
1) extremist movements created for the purpose of crime, and to develop plans and / or conditions for their fulfillment.
purpose of the criminal association itself acts of violence against citizens, causing harm to their health, the impulse to refuse to fulfill their civic duties or to commit other illegal acts.
2) extremist community, established to commit crimes of minor or moderate severity.
