term "economics" has its roots in ancient Greece and is a combination of the two roots "oikos" and "Nomos".First in Greek it is treated as a house or a farm, and the second - the law.Consequently, the economy - a set of laws, rules, standards of housekeeping.The interpretation of this concept for more than two millennia quite changed and enriched.
modern interpretation of the concept
Firstly, the economy - the economy itself (collection of objects, tools, things, substances of the spiritual and material world, a man who used to provide the appropriate conditions of their life and meet existing needs).
This interpretation of the term under review - its perception as an established and applied life-support systems, as well as maintaining and improving the conditions of existence of the human race.
Secondly, the economy - science (the body of knowledge with regards to the economy and associated human activities) on the rational use of various, usually limited, resources to meet the essential needs of the individual person and of society as a whole;of emerging in the process of managing human relations.
economics as a science and as a matter farming terminology delimited by introducing two etymologically related concepts - "economics" and "Economy".First - directly economy (the economy in physical manifestation), and the second - the science of economics - economic theory.This subdivision facilitates a better understanding of the concept.
accepted that economics as a science was first interpreted by the outstanding philosopher of antiquity - Socrates (470-390 gg. BC. E.).Unfortunately, he preached in the main squares and streets, so did not have any written evidence of this.After the death of the philosopher continued his work closest disciples - Plato and Xenophon.They told mankind that on which he worked has declined.
should be pointed out that the direct use of the term "economics" in the Russian language is considered to be incorrect, so it is replaced with the term "economic theory."
terms of objective perception of the concept (as an economic system, and the body of knowledge about it) some authors identify a third meaning of the economy: human relations arising in the process of first production and then distribution, followed by the exchange, and finally the consumption of goods and services.
Thus, the economy - agriculture, the science of it, as well as the management and human relations in its process.
interpretation of the concepts of "economic phenomena and processes»
These are the results of simultaneous influence of a large number of causes of economic orientation.Economic phenomena and processes constantly are born, evolve and destroyed (staying in constant motion).This is their so-called dialectic.Examples of such phenomena and processes can be: the exchange of goods, bankruptcy, finance, marketing, and others. But the political marketing to economic phenomena does not apply.
economic process - the stage of evolution of material production, as well as its productive forces (direct manufacturers, their skills, knowledge, skills, technology, etc..) And formed on their basis of production relations, including relations with regards to the ownership of the means availableproduction (private, cooperative, state, and so on. d.), exchange activities based on the division of labor and relationships in the distribution of existing wealth.
Inside economic processes are two specific layers of human relationships: the first - the surface (visible visually), and the second - internal (hidden from observation).Research visually apparent economic relations is available to everyone, so since childhood, a person forms a typical economic thinking based on real knowledge-management mechanism.Such kind of thinking often inherent in subjective.It is limited to a certain outlook of a single person and is often based on a partial and one-sided information.
Economic theory seeks to identify the inner content and the way some economic phenomena are interrelated with others (their causal relationship).
classification of these processes
socio-economic phenomena are divided into the appropriate species and types on the basis of criteria such as the social nature and the interests of society, the nature of their implementation in a particular society.This division is conditional, however, it helps to put their internal contents and number of features of their functioning.
Types of economic phenomena can be classified based on the following areas:
1. The nature of social subjects allows to distinguish three categories of economic processes and phenomena:
- class character (the main actors and the driving force - the relevant classes);
- national character (the main driving force - the nation);
- a nationwide character (actors - social groups and strata of the population of the country).
2. Features of their contents include the following socio-economic phenomena and processes:
- regards to solve common problems of the technological revolution;
- against the decision with regards to the specific problems of the banking and industrial capital;
- in addressing inter-ethnic relations;
- regards to solving problems of civil rights and freedoms.
3. The scope and depth of their action highlights the following economic processes and phenomena:
- international and domestic;
- local and large-scale, and others.
socio-economic phenomenon can also be divided into: the destructive and creative, transient and stable.
In economics most of the processes are interrelated.The important point is not only the fact of identifying the relationship between economic processes and phenomena, but also their anticipation and effective management by giving mathematical quantification.This deals with statistics.Thus one group of indicators serves as the factors (causes), causing the dynamics of another set of indicators that are referred to as scoring.
examines the relationship are classified based on the nature, and depending on the method of studying the relationship.The economic phenomena does not apply: the electrification of bodies disintegration of the nucleus of sunshine, snow, and so on. D.
methodology economy
This is the science of knowledge with regards to techniques and studies of the economic aspects of economic phenomena.Accepted provide general and specific methods of knowledge of economic phenomena.
In turn, the first includes the following methods:
- materialist dialectics (all processes and phenomena are analyzed in a continuous dynamic, constantly evolving and close relationship).
- scientific abstractions (required allocation of significant features of the studied phenomena and processes, excluding the minor).
- unity of the historical and logical knowledge (examination of society in terms of the historical sequence in addition to the logical way to study discloses the appearance and evolution of economic laws and categories).
Private methods of studying economic phenomena include:
- Economics and Mathematics (definition of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of these phenomena and to obtain many variations of the most appropriate solution of the economic problem).
- method of analysis and synthesis (the complex economic phenomena are divided into simple components, then subjected to a detailed analysis, resulting in a set relationship of the whole system on the basis of generalization of individual parts).
- method of graphic (visual representation of relationships of various economic indicators under the influence of a dynamic economic situation).
- method of social practice (a process in which economic phenomena first scrutinized and then obtained in this study confirmed a scientific basis or deny public practice).
- method of induction and deduction (the transition from private to general conclusions, and vice versa).
economic analysis
It is a systematic set of methods, techniques and methods that are applied in order to obtain economic conclusions with regards to the particular entity.
Economic Analysis - system expertise in the following areas:
- analysis of economic phenomena and processes regarding their causal relationship with each other, which are formed under the influence of subjective factors and objective economic laws.
- Scientific substantiation of business plans.
- Identify positive and negative factors, as well as a quantitative measurement of their actions.
- Disclosure trends of economic development and determination of the degree of non-farm reserves.
- adoption of optimal and appropriate management decisions.
analysis of economic phenomena include important points: the establishment of the relationship, interdependence and interdependence of the factors and causes.
unemployment as an example of economic phenomena
Her main reason - a change in demand with respect to the business are constantly changing under the influence of the value of the accumulated capital of the labor force.
Unemployment - an economic phenomenon within the market forms of activity related to the production, which manifests itself in the fact that the economically active population has no job and a stable income for reasons beyond his control.
reasons considered economic phenomenon
They can be classified based on the perspective of different economic doctrines:
- Malthusianism (the main cause of unemployment - an excess of population);
- technological theory (any technical innovation "pushes" the workers from the manufacturing process);
- Keynesianism (total lack of (effective) demand on goods and factors of production);
- monetarism (according to his representative, Friedrich Hayek, the cause of this economic phenomenon appears the deviation of earnings and the equilibrium price of their stable level of order and state of the market, resulting in the emergence of economically unjustified placement of human resources, which, in turn, leads to a statethe imbalance of demand and supply of labor);
- Marxist theory ("relative surplus", the reason for which, in turn, is to increase the scale of the organic composition of capital in the course of its accumulation, and therefore (in the framework of exclusively capitalist mode of production), there is a relative decrease in the demand for labor).
In all the above theories, undoubtedly correctly marked causation such economic phenomena as unemployment.To sum up them, you can get quite a universal definition of the objective reasons for its formation: a lack of aggregate demand on goods and factors of production, subject to increase in the organic composition of capital.
property as an economic phenomenon
Initially, she performed as the ratio between representatives of the human race with regards to the use of spiritual and material goods, as well as the conditions of their establishment or as a historically established way of alienation public good.
property as it is the economic relationship appears during the formation of human society.
In the process of monopolization of property objects, so to speak, kept all forms of economic and non-economic coercion to work.Thus, the ancient mode of production has been accompanied by extra-economic coercion, backed by the ownership of a slave, the Asian - ownership of the land, under feudalism - ownership both on the individual and on the ground.
the economic compulsion to work is repelled from the property directly to manufacturing conditions or from the ownership of capital.
This economic phenomenon - is the formation of a very complex and multi-dimensional enough.Historically, we know that the property has two forms: the general and private.Their difference in the nature, forms and methods of appropriation, the level of socialization.Between them there is quite a complex interaction.
Firstly, they have a common essential beginning, and they tend to correlate as fundamental difference (the difference between them can not be brought to perfect opposites).In this connection, the private property can be transformed into a common, or vice versa.Secondly, considered an economic phenomenon, reflecting the deep processes of economic aspects of life in society, can not be changed.
variation of the basic forms of ownership
Private property is divided into the following types:
- identity (individual);
- joint (divisible and indivisible);
- general;
- carried to the extent of the association or the State, or transnational monopolies.
Content of the common property is based on the size of the community and its status.It can be both at the stage of the family (household), and the level of community or association, or state or society (the people).
economic phenomenon, examples of which were given earlier (unemployment and property) are not isolated.This can be attributed to inflation, deflation, economic growth, globalization, all activities, and so on. N. The economic phenomena does not apply, for example, such a procedure as the election.Any physical or chemical phenomenon or process (ice melting, evaporation, electrolysis, etc.) Are not economic.
In economics there are economic phenomena that are considered the simplest appearing before others and form the basis for the emergence of more complex.An example may be a exchange of goods.
Central method economy
He is modeling economic phenomena - they are incorporated by formalized language using mathematical algorithms and corresponding characters to identify functional relationships between these phenomena or processes.This assumes an idealization of the object.
feature - the mock study the allocation of such a thing as an ideal object that does not exist in reality, but serves a base to build theory.In the process of designing such objects explorer simplifies reality, he deliberately abstracted from the inherent properties of a really gives them virtual features.This allows you to more clearly see the connection analyzed and present them mainly in the mathematical aspect.
In accordance with the existing methodology, if it becomes necessary to explain the phenomenon, then constructed a mathematical model that will reflect its basic features.The following are the findings is interpreted as justification for the observed facts, either as statements which are not contrary to the economic situation.
next stage - the collection of empirical data for further testing of the model.Subject to receipt after the results of numerical experiments are acceptable such a model can be assumed that the theoretical results received empirical support.
options are considered methodology
It is expressed in the fact that the underlying mathematical model is equipped with a limit of complexity.In essence, it grabs and describes only one of the most important factors.The complication leads to difficulties of practical application received approval mathematical orientation.
