Throughout the history of the whole world society most economies in crisis, accompanied by a decrease in production, the fall in prices, the accumulation of unsold goods on the market, the collapse of the banking system, a sharp rise in unemployment, the destruction of most of the existing industrial and trade.
What is this - a crisis?What are its symptoms?What threatens the country's economy and it is us, the ordinary citizens?So whether it is inevitable and what can be done?Let's try to give at least approximate answers to most of these questions.
first consider the crisis as a general concept.
This term is translated from the Greek as "decisive shift", "global crisis", "serious condition" of a process.In general, the crisis - an imbalance of any system, while its transition to a new quality.
Its role and stages
For all its painful crisis perform a useful function.Akin to a serious illness that has affected a living organism, the accumulated hidden contradictions, problems and regressive elements erode from within any evolving system, whether it's family, society, or parts of it.
Because crises are inevitable and that without them it is impossible to move forward.And each of them has three major functions:
- elimination or significant conversion of obsolete elements of the exhausted;
- strength test and promote the health of its parts;
- clearing the way for the creation of elements of the new system.
Private dynamics crisis goes through several stages.The latent (hidden) in which conditions mature, but have not yet come to light.Period collapse, instant sharpening contradictions, rapid and severe deterioration of system performance.And step easing the transition to a phase of depression and temporary equilibrium.The duration of the three periods is not the same, the outcome of the crisis is impossible to calculate in advance.
characteristics and causes
crises can be general and local.General - those that cover the entire economy as a whole, local - only part of it.As problems stand out macro- and mikrokrizisy.The name thus speaks for itself.For the first is characterized by large scale and serious problems.Second affect only a particular problem or a group thereof.
reasons for the crisis erupted can be objective, emanating from cyclical needs to be updated, and subjective, resulting from political mistakes and voluntarism.Also, they can be divided into external and internal.The first related to the features of the macroeconomic processes in the economy and the political situation in the country, the second - with the ill-conceived marketing strategy, shortcomings and conflicts with the organization of production, mismanagement and investment policy.
financial and economic crisis, as a consequence may be updated or final destruction of the monetary and economic system, its improvement, or the arrival of the next crisis.Out of it may be harsh and sometimes unexpected or soft and long.This is largely determined by the policy of crisis management.All shocks have an impact on the state authorities, public institutions, society and culture.
essence of the economic crisis
economic crisis - a sharp, sometimes precipitous deterioration of the economy of a country or community of countries.Its symptoms - a violation of industrial relations, growth of unemployment, bankruptcy of enterprises, the overall decline.The end result - the decline in living standards and welfare.
economic crisis of overproduction manifest in goods relative to demand, change in the conditions for obtaining capital, mass layoffs and other shocks socio-economic nature.
How does it work?
any economy in a specific period of time is one of the two states.
- stable when production and consumption (respectively - supply and demand) are broadly balanced.At the same time economic growth is on a straight path.
- imbalance that disrupts the normal proportion of economic processes leading to the crisis.
economic crisis - a global imbalance of financial and economic system.It is accompanied by a loss of normal relations in the sphere of production and trade, and leads ultimately to a complete imbalance of the system.
What's happening in the economy
From the point of view of science, the economic crisis - is the imbalance of supply and demand for goods and services.
essence it is observed in the excess production of goods relative to demand.
Modern economists characterize as a crisis state of the economy in which it is doomed to internal and external changes.Features him - force, duration and scope.
However, as has been said, the economic crisis may be beneficial.In the end, it gives impetus to economic development, carrying a catalytic function.Under his influence, reduced production costs, competition is growing, creating an incentive to get rid of obsolete means of production and updates on a new technical basis.Therefore, the crisis - an essential element of self-regulation of market economic system.
What affects crisis
from the recession is usually hardest hit industries that produce goods and means of long-term use.Especially construction.Industries producing goods for short-term use, react not so painful.
Ways out depends on its cause.To eliminate the social and economic crisis, the government should declare with the main purpose of the transition to normal economic conditions, which have to repay all existing debt, to analyze the state of resources and perspectives.
Now let's see what happens in society, with specific examples.Let us recall the most famous of the hardest tests, shocked at the time the world economy.
Let's go back to the past
crises occurred throughout the history of society.The first one that hit the US economy at the same time, Britain, Germany and France, there was in 1857.The impetus for its development was the collapse of the stock market and the bankruptcy of a plurality of rail companies.
Other examples will serve: the Great Depression (1929-1933.), Mexico (1994-1995.), And the Asian crisis (1997) and, without a doubt, the Russian crisis of 1998.
On the crisis of 1929-1933.
world economic crisis of 1929-1933 in nature - the cyclical shock of overproduction.To this was added, and the total change in the economy, the beginning of which coincided with the period of the war.That led to a rapid increase in production, strengthening monopolies, leading to the inability to recover after the end of the economic relations, which were before the war.
Features of the economic crisis of those years appeared to cover all capitalist countries without exception, and all areas of the world economy.Its uniqueness is also extraordinary in depth and duration.
Let's look at the causes of the economic crisis of those years in more detail.
happening in the world
period of stability for the 20-ies became a characteristic increased growth of centralization and concentration of capital and production, leading to increased corporate power.This government regulation has weakened sharply.The traditional sectors of the economy (shipbuilding, coal mining, light industry) growth rates have fallen, unemployment has increased.In agriculture, there was a risk of overproduction.
economic crisis of 1929 led to a mismatch between the low purchasing power of the population of large production capacity.The bulk of the capital invested in stock market speculation that the increased instability of the economic situation.
the United States as the main international creditors doomed to financial dependence on the majority of European countries.Lack of own finance most of them demanded free access of goods produced in the US market, but increased competition has arisen and increased customs duties caused the indebtedness of the United States.
Chronicle of the Great Depression
As the economic crisis of 1929-1933.?It happened in the "black Thursday" (24 October 1929), when the US stock exchange has risen an unprecedented panic.The value of shares of the New York Stock Exchange fell by half (or even more).This was one of the first manifestations of overdue crisis of unprecedented depth.
Compared to the pre-crisis level of 1929 production volume of US industry fell to 80.7% in 1930. The crisis led to a sharp collapse in prices, especially for agricultural products.The unprecedented size of the bankruptcy and ruin has become commercial, industrial and financial companies.The crisis struck with devastating force, moreover, and banks.
What should I do?
Anglo-French bloc saw the solution in the German reparation payments.But the path has failed - Germany's financial capacity was not enough to restrict its potential competitors in international trade.The country's leadership sabotaged the reparations, which required of her all new loans and even more frustrating instability in the international monetary system.
economic crisis of 1929-1933 is known as one of the worst in the global economy.It took a few years to stabilize the world system.Most countries have long experienced the consequences of the global economic turmoil, went down in history.
crisis in 2008
Now consider the general laws and the characteristics of the concept under study as an example of such famous events as the economic crisis of 2008.His character has three important features.
- The global crisis has affected almost all countries and regions.By the way, a strong word in successful and stagnant places affected to a lesser extent.In Russia, most of the problems are also observed in places and areas of economic boom, in lagging regions the changes were felt minimal.
- 2008 economic crisis had a structural nature, involving updating the technological base of the world economy.
- crisis was innovative in nature, resulting in the creation and widespread financial innovation as new market instruments.They radically changed the commodity market.The price of oil, depended primarily on the ratio of supply and demand, and therefore partially controlled by producers, was now formed in the financial markets activities of brokers trading in financial instruments related to its supply.
the world community had to accept the fact of the gain factor in the formation of a virtual key trends.At the same time, the political and economic elite has lost control of the movement of financial instruments.Therefore, the crisis has called the "revolt against their creators machines."
As it was
In September 2008, the case of a catastrophe for all offices worldwide - falls NYSE.Around the world are falling rapidly quotes.In Russia, the government is simply the stock exchange closes.In October of the same year it becomes absolutely clear that the global crisis is inevitable.
devastation of the world's largest banks becomes an avalanche.Minimizes the mortgage programs, increasing interest rates on loans.Steelmakers stop blast furnaces, factories, laid off workers.Due to the lack of "long" money and credit stopped construction, new equipment is purchased, engineering industry falls into a stupor.Falling demand for rental, reduced the price of metals and oil.
The economy is a vicious circle: no money - no pay - no work - no production - There are no products.The cycle is closed.There is such a thing as a liquidity crisis.Simply put, the buyers do not have money, goods are not made due to lack of demand.
economic crisis in 2014
Let us turn to current events.Without a doubt, all of us are concerned about the situation in the country in connection with the latest developments.The rise in prices, depreciation of the ruble, the confusion in the political arena - all this gives the right to say with confidence that we are experiencing a real crisis.
The Russian economic crisis in 2014 - is the deterioration of the country's economy because of the sharp decline in energy prices and the introduction of economic sanctions against Russia from the West.It manifested itself in a significant depreciation of the Russian ruble, increase inflation and reduce the growth of real incomes of Russians.
What are its prerequisites?
Since the beginning of the 2000s in Russia there was the priority development of the commodity sector.Active growth of world prices for oil at the same time increased the dependence of the economy from the energy producing industries and the work of the external economic situation.
A drop in oil prices caused by the decrease in demand, the growth of oil production in the United States, the refusal of other countries to reduce supply.This led to a decrease in revenues for the sale of energy, accounting for about 70% of the total domestic exports.The negative consequences of the collapse in prices felt and other exporting countries - Norway, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Venezuela.
it all began
What are the causes of the economic crisis in 2014?What exactly was the trigger?Because of the Crimea to Russia, considered as the annexation of the EU countries with regard to Russia sanctions were imposed, expressed in the prohibition of cooperation with enterprises of the defense industry, banks and industrial companies.Crimea was declared an economic blockade.According to the president of Russia imposed sanctions against us - the cause of about a quarter of the country's economic problems.
Thus, at the same time the country is experiencing an economic and political crisis.
In the first half of the year continued stagnation, the economic performance in 2014 fell below the projected inflation instead of the planned 5% reached the level of 11.4% of GDP for the year fell by 0.5%, which was not a Fall 2008exchange rate on December 15 was a record, this day was called "Black Monday."Some exchange offices have decided to set five-digit display the exchange rate in case of further growth figures to them.
December 16 was even more severe drop in the national currency - the euro stood at 100.74 rubles., The dollar - 80.1 rubles.Then there was some strengthening it.It ended the year at the rate of 68.37 and 56.24 respectively.
Decreased capitalization of the stock market, the RTS index fell to last place down the state's richest Russians because of the devaluation of assets.The credit rating of Russia in the world turned out to be downgraded.
What happens now?
economic crisis in 2014 is gaining momentum.In 2015, the problems in the country are the same.Continuing instability and the weakening of the ruble.The budget deficit is expected to be much more than projected, the same applies to a drop in GDP.
Because of the sanctions, Russian companies have been unable to refinance and began to ask for help from the state.But total funds, "the Central Bank", and the reserve fund was less than the total external debt.
raise prices on cars and electronics, actively buying public in a panic.Excessive demand at end of 2014 prevailed in furniture stores, home appliances, jewelry.People rushed to invest surplus funds in the hope of saving them from devaluation.
At the same time dropped the demand for items of daily consumption, clothes and shoes.Because of rising prices, Russians began to save on the purchase of essential household goods, or to buy the cheapest.Many foreign manufacturers of clothing and shoes of famous brands have been forced to suspend their operations in Russia because of lack of demand.Part of the store is closed.Thus, the crisis in the country and indirectly hit by foreign investors.
significantly increased food prices.
