Science Biology includes a rad different sections, because a difficult discipline to embrace all the diversity of living and to explore all that extensive biomass that provides us with our planet.
Each science, in turn, also has a certain classification sections deal with any problems.Thus, it appears that all life is under the constant supervision of a person is known to them, compared, studied and used for their own needs.
One of these disciplines is embryology, which are and will continue it.
Embryology - biological science
What is Embryology?What does it do and what studies?Embryology - the science that examines the part of the life cycle of a living organism since the formation of the zygote (fertilized egg) to the very birth.That is the whole process of studying the embryonic development in detail, since multiple cleavage of fertilized cells (gastrula stage) to the birth of the finished body.
object and subject of study
object of this science are embryos (embryos) the following organisms:
- plants.
- animals.
- Man.
subject of study of embryology are the following processes:
- cell division after fertilization.
- formation of three germ layers of the embryo of a future.
- Education coelomic cavities.
- formation symmetry of the embryo of the future.
- appearance of membranes around the fetus and taking part in its formation.
- Education authorities and their systems.
If you look at an object and subject of study of this science, it becomes more clear what embryology and what it does.
Goals and Objectives
main goal that puts peredsoboy this science - to answer questions about the appearance of life on our planet, how is the formation of a multicellular organism, how the laws of organic nature are subject to all the processes of formation and development of the embryoand what factors and how to affect this formation.
To achieve this goal the science of embryology following tasks:
- detailed study of the processes progeneza (formation of male and female sex cells - oogenesis and spermatogenesis).
- Consideration of mechanisms of formation of the zygote and the further formation of the embryo until the moment of its release to the outside (hatching, the eggs or the birth of the light).
- complete study of cell cycle at the molecular level using high-resolution modern equipment.
- review and comparison of the mechanisms of the cells in normal and pathological processes in order to obtain important data for medicine.
solving the above problem and achieving the goal, the science of embryology will be able to advance our understanding of the natural laws of the organic world, as well as to find solutions to many problems in medicine, in particular related to infertility and childbirth.
history of
development of embryology as a science is on the complex and thorny path.It all started with two great scientists, philosophers of all time - Aristotle and Hippocrates.And it is on the basis of embryology they were opposed to the views of each other.
example, Hippocrates was a proponent of the theory that has existed for a long time, until the XVII century.It was called "preformation" and its essence is as follows.Every living organism is increasing in size over time, but not in itself generates no new structures and organs.Because all the organs in the finished form, but much reduced, are male or female reproductive cell (here, the supporters of the theory is not precisely defined in the views: one thought that still in the female, the other male in the cage).Thus, it appears that the embryo grows just all ready authorities received from the father or mother.
also later proponents of this theory was Charles Bonnet, Marcello Malpighi, and others.
Aristotle, on the contrary, was an opponent of the theory of preformation and epigenesis supporter of the theory.Its essence was as follows: all the bodies and structural elements of living organisms formed within the embryo gradually, under the influence of environmental conditions and internal environment.Proponents of this theory, most scientists of the Renaissance, led by Georges Buffon, Charles Baer.
matter of embryology as a science emerged in the XVIII century.It then suffered a series of brilliant discoveries, which allowed to analyze and summarize the accumulated material and combine it into a coherent theory.
- 1759 K. Wolff describes the presence and formation during embryonic development of chicken germ layers, which can then give rise to new structures and organs.
- 1827 Carl Baer opens the egg mammals.He also publishes his work, which describes the gradual formation of germ layers and bodies are in the process of birds.
- Carl Baer reveals similarities in the embryonic structure of birds, reptiles and mammals, which allows him to draw a conclusion about the unity of the origin of species, as well as formulate its rights (Baer): development of organisms derived from the general to the particular.That is, initially all the structures are the same, irrespective of the type, kind or class.It was only with the passage of time there are individual specializations of each creature.
After these discoveries and descriptions of the discipline begins to gain momentum in development.Formed embryology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants and humans.
modern embryology
At the present stage of development the main task of embryology sees the opening of the essence of the mechanisms of cell differentiation in multicellular organisms, revealing the features of the effect of various reagents on the development of the embryo.Also great attention is paid to the study of the mechanisms of pathologies and their impact on the development of the embryo.
achievements of modern science, enabling more fully disclose the issue of what embryology, are as follows:
- DP Filatov determine the mechanism of mutual influence of cell structures at each other in the process of embryonic development, the associated data embryology with evolutionary theoretical materialteaching.
- Severtsov developed the doctrine of recapitulation, the essence of which is that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
- P. Ivanov created the theory of larval segments of the body in animals protostomes.
- Svetlov formulate provisions which cast light on the most difficult and critical moments of embryogenesis.
This modern embryology does not stop and continues to explore and discover all the new laws and mechanisms of cell cytogenetic bases.
Communication with other sciences
Basics of embryology are closely related to other sciences.After all, only the integrated use of the theoretical data of allied disciplines allows you to get really valuable results and make important conclusions.
With the following closely related sciences embryology:
- histology;
- cytology;
- genetics;
- biochemistry;
- molecular biology;
- anatomy;
- physiology;
- medicine.
data Embryology an important basis for these sciences, and vice versa.That is two-way communication, mutual.
classification sections
Embryology Embryology - the science that studies not only the formation of the embryo, but also bookmark all of its structures and its previous origin of germ cell formation.In addition, to its study and include the physical and chemical factors affecting the fetus.Therefore, such a large amount of theoretical material is allowed to form several sections of this science:
- General embryology.
- experimental.
- Comparison.
- Environment.
- developmental biologists.
Methods of studying science
In embryology, like other sciences, has its own methods of studying the various issues.
- microscopy (electronic, light).
- method stained structures.
- Lifetime surveillance (tracking morphogenetic movements).
- Application histochemistry.
- introduction of radioactive isotopes.
- Biochemical methods.
- dissection parts of the embryo.
study of human embryonic
human embryology is one of the most important sections of this science, because thanks to many of the results of her research people managed to solve many health problems.
What specifically studying the discipline?
- Full phased process of formation of the nucleus in humans, which includes several basic stages - crushing, gastrulation, organogenesis and histogenesis.
- Formation of various pathologies during embryogenesis and their causes.
- Influence of physical and chemical factors on human embryo.
- possibilities of creating artificial conditions for nucleation and the introduction of chemical agents to observe the reactions to them.
value science
Embryology gives the opportunity to learn these features of the formation of embryos as:
- terms of education and systems of germ layers;
- the most critical moments of ontogeny of the embryo;
- that affect their formation and how to manage it for the needs of the person.
Her research together with data from other sciences allow humanity to solve important problems of universal medical and veterinary plan.
role of discipline for people
What is human embryology?What did she give him?Why do you need her development and learning?
Firstly, embryology studies and allows us to solve modern problems of fertilization and the formation of nuclei.Today, therefore, we developed methods of artificial insemination, surrogate motherhood and so on.
Secondly, embryology methods allow to predict all the possible anomalies of the fetus and to prevent them.
Third, embryologists can articulate and apply the provisions on the preventive measures to miscarriages and ectopic pregnancy and exercise control over pregnant.
This is not all the advantages discussed discipline for human beings.It is a rapidly developing science, the future is yet to come.
