Each element is capable of forming a simple substance, being in a free state.In this state, the movement of the same atoms occur, they are symmetrical.In the complex substances the situation is much more complicated.Chemical bonds are asymmetric in this case, complex molecules in complex compounds formed covalent bonds.
What is meant by oxidation
There are compounds in which the electrons are distributed unevenly as possible, ie,the formation of complex compounds, the valence electrons move from atom to atom.Such uneven distribution of complex substances called oxidation or oxidation.Formed with the charge of the atom in the molecule is called the degree of oxidation of elements.Depending on the nature of the transition of electrons from one atom to distinguish between negative or positive degree.In case of return or making a few atoms of element is formed of electrons, respectively positive and negative oxidation state chemical elements (E + or E-).For example, record K + 1 means the potassium atom put one electron.In any organic compound central place occupied by carbon atoms.The valence of the element corresponds to 4-m, in any combination, but in different oxidation of carbon compounds to be different, it is equal to -2, +2, ± 4.This nature of different valence values and the degree of oxidation is observed in almost any combination.
Determination of oxidation
To determine the degree of oxidation, it is necessary to know the fundamental postulates.Metals can not have the negative degree, but there are rare exceptions, where the metal is a compound of the metal.In the periodic system group number corresponds atom possible oxidation: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and any other member.Electronegative atoms in the shift toward another atom receives one electron charge of -1, -2, and two electrons, etc.This rule does not apply to the same atoms.For example, the H-H, it will be equal to 0. Communication C-H = -1.The degree of oxidation of the carbon in the C-D = + 2.One and the same degree of importance are metals of the first and second groups of the periodic system and fluoro (-1).At this level of hydrogen in almost all the compounds is 1, except for the hydrides in which it is -1.For elements having a non-constant extent, it can be calculated with a certain compound of formula.The basic rule, which states that the sum of the degrees of any molecule is 0.
Calculation example oxidation state
Consider the calculation of the degree of oxidation of carbon as an example in conjunction CH3CL.Take raw data: the degree from hydrogen is +1, -1 at the chlorine.For ease of calculation, we assume x degree of oxidation of carbon.Then, for CH3CL will occur equation x + 3 * (k + 1) + (- 1) = 0.Making simple arithmetic, you can determine the degree of oxidation of carbon will equal two.This way you can make calculations for each element in a complex mix.
