Aggression - is ... Aggression: types of aggression.

daily news constantly scares the average man the number of acts of violence in all parts of the world.And everyday life is replete with quarrels, shouts and other manifestations of hostility.

aggression in modern society is perceived as evil and subjected to public condemnation.However, there are many examples of how hostile behavior of individuals and whole groups of people.

Why do people cause suffering to each other, what are the causes of interpersonal and global conflicts?To these questions there is no clear answer, but the study of the phenomenon of aggression in different aspects of human life will help to better understand the problem.

What is aggression?

In the world there are many approaches to determining the causes, types and content to counter such behavior.For example, some psychologists believe that aggression - is the innate quality of a person associated with the instinctual impulses.Others relate this concept to the need to implement the individual discharge (frustration), others perceive it as a manifestation of human social learning that arose on the basis of past experience.

Thus, this type of manifestation of personality is a deliberate behavior that is destructive and leads to physical or psychological harm and discomfort to other individuals.

Aggression in psychology, and in everyday life, often associated with anger, rage, fury, that is extremely negative emotions.In fact, hostility may arise in a calm state of cold-blooded.This behavior may be the result of negative attitudes (desire to harm or insult) or to be unmotivated.According to many experts, a prerequisite of aggressive behavior should be its focus on the other individual.That is punching the wall and bitё dishes - it does not display a hostile and expressive behavior.But the outbreak of uncontrolled negative emotions can then be redirected and living beings.

historical approach

definition of aggression carried out by means of different approaches.The main ones are:

1. normative approach.Particular attention is paid to illegal actions and violation of accepted norms.Aggressive behavior is considered, which includes two main conditions: there are disastrous consequences for the victim, and thus violated the standards of conduct.
2. depth-psychological approach.It is alleged instinctual nature of aggression.It is an integral feature of the innate behavior of any person.
3. targeted approach.Explore hostile behavior in terms of its target destination.According to the direction of aggression - it is a tool of self-affirmation, evolution, adaptation and appropriation of vital resources and territory.
4. effective approach.It focuses on the consequences of such behavior.
5. Nameritelny approach.Assess the motivation of the subject of hostility podvignuvshih it on such actions.
6. emotional approach.It reveals the psycho-emotional aspect of the behavior and motivation of the aggressor.
7. multidimensional approach includes an analysis of all the factors of aggression in-depth study of the most significant in terms of the individual author.

large number of approaches to the definition of the psychological phenomenon does not give an exhaustive definition.Too broad and multi-faceted is the concept of "aggression".Types of aggression are very diverse.But still you should understand and categorize them with a view to a clearer understanding of the causes and to develop ways of dealing with this serious problem of our time.

Aggression.Types of aggression

United classification of aggression and it is difficult to establish the causes.However, in the world often use the method of its definition of American psychologists A. Bass and A. Dark, which includes five components:

1. Physical aggression - by another individual using physical effects.
2. indirect aggression - there is a hidden way (bad banter, creating gossip), or directed at a specific person (unreasonable cries, stamping of feet, other manifestations of explosions of rage).
3. Irritation - irritability to external stimuli, which often leads to a surge of negative emotions.
4. verbal aggression - a manifestation of negative feelings through verbal reactions (squeals, screams, curses, threats, and so on. D.).
5. negativism - oppositional behavior, which may manifest itself in the passive and active form of struggle against the established laws and traditions.

types of verbal reactions

aggression verbally according to A. Bass is divided into three main types:

1. rejection - a reaction that is based on the type of "go away" and more crude forms.
2. hostile remarks - formed on the principle of "your presence annoys me."
3. Criticism - aggression aimed not specifically at the person and his personal items, work clothes, etc.

Psychologists distinguish other forms of hostility.Thus, according to H. Hekhauzenu there instrumental and hostile aggression.Hostile an end in itself and brings direct harm to another person.Instrumental same - intermediate phenomenon in achieving any goal (for example, extortion).

Manifestations

forms of aggression can be very diverse and divided into the following types of actions:

• negative (destructive) - positive (constructive);
• explicit (open aggression) - latent (hidden);
• direct (sent directly to object) - Indirect (affect other channels);
• ego Sinton (taken the personality) - the ego-dystonia (condemned his "I");
• physical (abuse of physical object) - verbal (words of the attack);
• hostile (target of aggression - direct harm) - tools (hostility - a means to achieve other goals).

The most common in everyday life are manifestations of aggressive increase of voice, slander, insults, coercion, physical effects, the use of weapons.Hidden forms include malicious omission, avoiding contact, causing harm to themselves until the suicide.

On whom can be directed aggression?

bouts of aggression may be directed to:

• very close people - attacks are only members of the family (or one member), with other normal behavior;
• people outside the family circle - teachers, classmates, doctors and so on. Etc .;
• himself - on his own body, and the personality, takes the form of non-food mayhem, nail biting, and so on. Etc .;
• animals, insects, birds, and so on. Etc .;
• inanimate physical objects - in the form of damage to property, the eating of non-food items;
• symbolic objects - passion aggressive computer games, collecting weapons, other.

Causes of aggressive behavior

reasons for the hostility of man as diverse and controversial among professional psychologists.

Proponents biological theory of the opinion that the aggression - is:

• innate human reaction associated with the instinct of self-preservation (the attack - the best protection);
• behavior that occurs as a result of the struggle for territory and resources (competition in the personal and professional spheres);
• hereditary property obtained with the type of nervous system (unbalanced);
• consequence of hormonal disorders (excess testosterone or adrenaline);
• consequence of consumption of psychotropic substances (alcohol, nicotine, drugs).

According to socio-biological approach people with the same genes contribute to the survival of each other, even through self-sacrifice.At the same time, they are aggressive to individuals that are very different from them and contain few common genes.This explains the outbreak of conflict between the representatives of social, national, religious and professional groups.

Psychosocial theory links increased aggression with the quality of human life.The worse his condition (not enough sleep, hungry, not satisfied with life), the more hostile.

Factors affecting the level of aggressiveness

According to social theory, aggression - it acquired during the life of the property rights.And it is developing against the background of the following factors:

• dysfunctional families (frequent quarrels between parents, the use of physical effects in children, lack of parental attention);
• daily show and propaganda of violence on television and in other media.

Psychologists also closely associated factors of human aggression such his personal qualities:

• dominant behavioral style;
• increased anxiety;
• tendency to identify hostile actions of other individuals;
• increased or, conversely, understated self;
• low self-esteem and the frequent denial of self-esteem;
• complete lack of capacity, including creative.

How to behave with the aggressor?

Aggression - an act aimed at the destruction normally.Therefore it is necessary to remember some basic rules of conduct with individual negative sentiment:

1. If a person is in a strong psychological excitement, but the problem is insignificant, try to turn the conversation to another subject, move the discussion, you have to get away from talking-stimulus.
2. positive impact on understanding if parties to the conflict will look at the problem from the outside, unbiased look.
3. necessary to try to understand the aggressor.If the cause is dependent on you, take possible measures for its elimination.
4. Sometimes it is useful to show compassion and understanding to the aggressor.
5. Helps also agreed with him in those areas where it is really right.

Determine what type belongs to the aggressor

Specific methods to counter hostility depend directly on the personality of the aggressor species:

1. type "Tank".Very rough and straight people who in a conflict situation rod right through.If the issue is not very important, it is better to give up or adapt to the aggressor to blow off steam.It is impossible to doubt that he was right, their opinion should be the same without express emotion, because usually suppresses calm the fury of a man.
2. type "bomb."These entities are not evil by nature, but may flare up as children.At the outbreak of hostilities is necessary to withdraw the emotions of a man to calm him down and talk normally continue as this is not out of malice, and often against the will of the aggressor.
3. type "Sniper".In the absence of actual power creates conflicts through intrigue.It is important to present the person responsible for the evidence of his secret games and then look for a solution of this issue.
4. type "mouthpiece."These people criticize everything in the world, starting from the real problems and ending with the imaginary.They want to be heard.Upon contact with the aggressor such a plan is necessary to give him pour out his heart, agree with his opinion and try to steer the conversation in another direction.When you return to this subject should switch his attention to the challenges to its decisions.
5. type "penknife".Such people are often willing to help, give way on many issues.However, this happens only in words, but in practice the opposite.When dealing with them is necessary to insist on the importance to you is the truth from them.

Getting rid of the discomfort after intercourse?

In today's world people have a fairly high level of aggression.This implies the need for a correct response to the attacks of others, as well as control of their own psycho-emotional state.

At the time of hostile reaction you need to take a deep breath, exhale, count to ten, which will ignore the momentary flash of emotion and rational look at the situation.Also useful story about his opponent of negative feelings.If all else fails, you can throw out the excess of anger by one of the lessons:

• sports, yoga or active outdoor play;
• picnic;
• rest in a karaoke bar or a disco;
• general cleaning (you can even permutation) in the house;
• writing all negative on paper with its subsequent destruction (it is necessary to break or burn);
• can beat the dishes, or just a pillow (this option is much cheaper);
• conversation with the closest and most importantly, understanding people;
• crying also provides tangible emotional discharge;
• in the end, you can simply do his favorite thing, it will certainly lift your spirits.

In more severe cases, a person alone can not cope with negative emotions.Then you need to turn to a therapist or psychologist.The specialist will help identify the causes of such a state, a definition of aggression in each case, and find individual methods to address this issue.

causes of childhood aggression

very important aspect that we can not ignore is the teenage aggression.Parents are very important to understand what caused this behavior, because it will allow in the future to correct the child's reaction.Children's hostility has similar reasons for an adult, but has some peculiarities.The main belong:

• desire to get something;
• desire to dominate;
• attract the attention of other children;
• self-assertion;
• defensive reaction;
• getting a sense of superiority due to the humiliation of others;
• revenge.

aggressive behavior of teenagers in half the cases - is the result of miscalculations in education, inadequate or undue influence, refusing to understand the child or banal lack of time.This character is formed under an authoritarian type of parental influence, and dysfunctional families.

aggression in adolescents also occurs in the presence of a number of psychological factors:

• low level of intelligence and communication skills;
• primitive gaming activities;
• weak self-control skills;
• problems with peers;
• low self-esteem.

Left to chance aggression on the part of the child in the future may develop into open conflict and even antisocial behavior in adulthood.Child Psychology allocates almost the same kind of hostility as an adult.Therefore, a more detailed focus on the fight against it, which has some differences from the case with adults.

How to deal with aggression in a child?

The most important rule is to respect in the education of personal example.The child will never respond to the demands of parents who disagree with their own actions.

same reaction to the aggression should not be immediate and severe.The child will pluck anger on others, hiding their true emotions from parents.But there should be no appeasement, because children are very well feel the uncertainty on the part of parents.

aggressive behavior of teenagers need timely prevention, namely planned and supervised the formation of a trusting and friendly relations.The strength and weakness on the part of the parent will only aggravate the situation, really help only sincerity and confidence.

to take concrete steps to combat aggression in a child include the following:

1. taught him self-control.
2. accumulated skills of behavior in conflict situations.
3. teach the child to express negative emotions in an adequate form.
4. instilled in him an understanding and empathy to others.