in dictionaries (eg, Ephraim) gives the following definition of the word.Artel - is:
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of persons of any profession in the group for their collaboration.It is also their common responsibility and self-management, joint participation in income (equity).
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Figuratively cooperative - a collection of individuals or a group coming together (crowd, gang, "go team of").
Ozhegov
provides additional definition of cooperatives as the main form of production association of citizens under socialism for the joint (collective) farming, to socialize the means of production.
Other dictionaries
Related answers to the question "What is a gang?" Are in the Encyclopedic, and "Business-dictionary."Sometimes it emphasizes voluntary associations.Interestingly interpreted the word "gang" in the "Maritime dictionary."This union of soldiers or sailors in the Navy or the Russian army for the organized power of the common pot (due to money, put them on the products).This partnership was in charge of the economy porter, who was elected sailors or soldiers, and approved by senior officers.According to the dictionary Dahl, co-operative - a partnership of mutual responsibility, fraternity, where all for one and one for all, or - the squad.
Union Voluntary Partnership (gang) imply equality of workers.They solved all the production issues by government on the basis of reciprocity and mutual aid.And this union in no way limit the autonomy and entrepreneurial spirit of each individual member, but on the contrary, it is strongly encouraged.This made it possible to combine the collective efforts with a penchant for self-employment!
Basic Principles
the gang dramatically suppressed even attempted exploitation of some other members of the community.The principles of equality are not canceled, and the management function, but virtually every member of the cooperative may be appointed on a responsible post comrades.Sometimes these functions are performed alternately.In this respect, the partnership is a completely non-capitalist form.But equality does not mean egalitarianism!All of the income distribution among the members of the farm was carried out on the performance of work.Often comrades connects the so-called mutual guarantee.Each vouched for everyone, all together - for one.This responsibility - original feature of the farm.To have survived the historical treaties with Artel, which directly states that any losses falling on each member of a free association.Writer Herzen, for example, considered such cooperative communities, emphasizing the community of origin of associations, "kinship" of participants.In the history of Russia there are even examples of whole villages-mail service cooperatives and transfers, transportation.
Head
Though the farm cooperative - is, first of all, the alleged self-government, it still had its own chiefs, selected from the most respected members.Leaders of the farm is usually called atamans, elders, Bolshakov.What was needed was a firm hand, mind and will, which not only expressed the interests of all members of the farm, but they can articulate and defend.But this community is carried out at the head of an attentive control, which could not be avoided!
Modern cooperative
In Soviet times, until the mid-60s, were called selhozarteli some farms.In industry, there is the so-called "commercial" cooperative engaged in the provision of services to the population and production of consumer goods.Under Stalin artel movement strongly supports, but Khrushchev in 1956, decided to refer to the state all the farm, and 70-80 were the only ones allowed by law prospectors.Nowadays the farm were transformed into cooperatives or small family business, and in its pure form ceased to exist.
