Russian language - one of the most diverse and richest in the world, its expressive potential is truly enormous.Special emotional and originality give the text a variety of means of expression of speech used in the process of writing the work.List of quite extensive.
means of speech expressiveness in various spheres of life
no secret that the same idea can be presented in different ways.For example, a television announcer says as follows: "Today, the area observed heavy precipitation in the form of snow, accompanied by heavy wind."And the two old ladies drinking tea in the kitchen, in a conversation may consume the following sentence: "Yeah, something like piled snow!And Vetrishche - so down and knocks! "In the literature, this phenomenon can be explained as follows:" Snowflakes fell from the sky like a fluff ripped open cushions, swept by strong winds and huge white snowdrifts hid yearned for him mёrzluyu earth ... ".The painting, described in many ways, almost the same, but each of the variants differ from each other in different ways affects the subconscious.All means of speech expressiveness of the language in one way or another based on the associative perception of the text.Looking submitted statements, the reader is people who can express so.Therefore, for the characteristics of the characters, the creation of a specific color by the authors of literary texts using different styles.
Phonetic
means of expression for the greatest impact on the imagination of the person or the reader, viewer or listener, used a variety of methods.Means of expression of speech literally permeate all levels of language.They can be seen both in phonetics and syntax, which makes the understanding of the author's intention more profound and comprehensive.Phonetic means of expression of speech is one of the most powerful ways of speech influence.The feeling of the sound image word happens on a subconscious level, regardless of the desires of the individual.That's why most poetic texts based on the use of sound means of expression.As an example, this sentence: "rustled the leaves, their rustling seemed walked everywhere."There reuse the sound "sh" in a phrase like accompaniment creates a picture drawn by the imagination.
Alliteration
Phonetic expressive voice has some variation.Widespread are opposed to each other means as alliteration and assonance.They are based on repetition in the text of the same or similar in any phonetic features sounds - consonants and vowels with the alliteration in the assonance.A striking example of alliteration is the phrase "Thunderstorm rattles, rumbles of thunder" by reading that, subconsciously causes before a vivid image of crackling lightning.
Assonance
little less writers and poets are repeat vowels.For example, assonance is presented in the sentence "Everything was smooth field" - repeating the sound "o" creates a sense of extent, breadth of space.
anaphora, epiphora in artistic texts
Crafted and other figures of speech that serve to make the text more expressive.For example, unusual techniques are anaphora and epiphora.They represent embodiments of repetitions of similar sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning (anaphora) or end (epiphora) independent of each parallel segment of speech."This is - an act the man!This is - an act of this man! "- Injection and increased with each repetition observed in anaphora.Epiphora often can be found in the end of the segments in the form of poetic repetition of certain phrases or whole sentences.But you can see it on the example of a single prosaic suggestions: "Everything in the room was black: the walls were black, carpet on the floor was also black, lighting - black and even bedding cast black.Only the bed was pure white, creating a vivid contrast in the design. "
Language means of expression of speech:
allegory in the style of the Russian language is represented by a huge variety of tropes or figures of speech.The main source of expression is a lexicon.With its help schemes implemented by the majority of the copyright in the text.For example, an allegory - a kind of transfer values or characteristics of the object to another object, the image of abstract concepts through a particular image.To explain what the allegory, you can resort to the traditional consideration of examples: the sun - a symbol of warmth, kindness;wind - a symbol of freedom, free-thinking, impermanence.So often this principle in question is used to describe people."Oh, you sly fox!" - Talking about someone jokingly.Or it might even be said about the unstable personality: "The nature of his blustery, eccentric."Thus, answering the question of what is an allegory, it should refer to the symbolism, the comparison subjects on quality.
Allegory in parables, fairy tales, fables
remarkable fabulist Krylov gives a colorful picture of the use of the reception.Although in reality it is the successor of Aesop.It is because his works have been taken, many subjects of the Russian classic fables.After all, everyone understood that speaking of monkeys, trying on sunglasses in the tail, the author is referring to the ignorant, the man who used to refer to the entire surface, to judge hastily, without thinking about the meaning.For the child's perception are best tales in which animals are the heroes.In their example, the kid learns the basic laws of life: good returns hundredfold, slut, liar and lazy will be punished, can not laugh at the pain of others, and so on. D. Short fable or allegorical tales resemble drinking toasts in the Caucasian style, at the end of that morality is derived after the offerdrink "for ...".
Allegory of poetry and lyrical songs
A wonderful poetry Lermontov about a lonely sail Running on the waves?After all, here the thoughtful reader is drawn restless state of mind of the individual, which no one understands him in the modern world.Until now, many adults like folk songs, which allegorically with examples of plants - flowers, trees - described human relations."What you are, swinging, thin Rowan?" - Sings a sad girl who feels very lonely, wants to join their fate with a reliable man, but for some reason can not do this ...
litotes, hyperbole
Language means of expression of speech and presented the other trails.For example, there are more and those opposing figures as hyperbole litotes.The Russian language has a wide range of possibilities gradual expression qualities.These techniques represent an artistic understatement (litotes) and exaggeration (hyperbole).Russian language becomes brighter and imaginative thanks to them.For example, a property such as the volume of the human body, can be expressed as artificially understated side ("waist width to the neck of the bottle" - litotes), and from the exaggeration ("shoulders the size of a doorway" - hyperbole).Russian language even boasts a robust expression of this type: the wasp waist, high as Kolomna miles.
synonyms and antonyms in works of art
use in the text of synonyms and antonyms enhances its emotional and expressive.The words are semantically similar or different, a variety of work, reveal the author's concept from different angles.Everything else, synonyms and antonyms simplify the perception of the text, as clarifying the meaning of certain semantic objects.But their use in speech and writing should be approached with caution, as some synonyms dictionary lose the closeness of values in a particular context, and the context are not necessarily opposites antonymous in its basic word meaning.For example, the adjective "fresh" and "stale" in the use of the noun "bread" are antonyms.But if we are talking about the wind, the antonym to the adjective "fresh" is the word "warm".
irony in art works
very important means of artistic expression - the irony.Examples from the literature demonstrate the high acceptance of this imagery.Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky - the Russian classics are the real masters of the use of irony in literature.Stories Zoshchenko still in demand by modern satirists.Some phrases of the classics that have become winged, and are used in everyday speech.For example, Zoshchenko saying: "Take back your cake!" Or "Can you give more and the keys to the apartment where the money is?" Ilf and Petrov know everything.And the appeal to the gentlemen of the jury, which says about tronuvshis ice, still viewed with a great deal of irony.Yes, and the phrase "Who do we have here so much?", Converted into daily life to the child, is an ironic character, built on the use of antonymy.The irony is often present in the form of banter over himself one of the characters or the main character, which is conducted on behalf of the narrative.These are detective Daria Series and others, who also write in this style.
various layers of vocabulary in literature
high expressive potential in literature has not normalized vocabulary - slang, neologisms, dialect, professionalism vernacular.The use of words in the text of these sections, especially in direct speech, imagery and gives the estimated characteristics of the characters.Each character of a literary work is different, and these lexical elements, accurately and appropriately upotreblёnnye reveal the image of a character from various sides.For example, the saturation of Sholokhov's novel "And Quiet Flows the Don" dialect vocabulary creates an atmosphere typical of a particular area and a particular historical period.And the use of the characters in the speeches of colloquial words and expressions is the best reveals their characters.You also can not do without a special professional vocabulary, describing the life of the ship.But already in the works, where the heroes, though minor, are former or repressed from the category of homeless people, avoid jargon and slang, even impossible.
polysyndeton as a means of expression
Another stylistic figure of speech - polisindeton.In another way, this technique is called polysyndeton and is used in the text of homogeneous terms or phrases connected by repeating the same unions.This increases the expression, creating unplanned pauses in the sentence at the junction of its parts auxiliary part of speech, and increasing the importance of each item listing.Therefore, writers and poets often uses in his works polysyndeton.Examples:
- "Sea storm, roared, and tore and waved, and rushila and frightening" - each element of a number of homogeneous terms here has underlined the importance.
- «The house of Natalia every thing was in its place: and a bunch of keys, and a chair with a bright samovyazannoy cape, and a large floor vase with dry twigs of the plant, even an open book - everything is always at any time of the day at one and theplace "- here every member using uniform polysyndeton reinforces the impression of precision and clarity of layout objects in the home of the heroine.
- «And the wind was blowing, and thunder, and the trees swaying, knocking on the window, and the clouds black waves hid the sky - all together Scarecrow instills excitement and forced to pull the blanket up to his chin" - are homogeneous proposals, coupled with polysyndeton createthe effect of enhancing the state of fear and despair.
Thus, linguistic means of expression of speech - an essential element of artistic speech.Without them, the literary text looks dry and uninteresting.But do not forget that the material should be directed to the reader.Therefore, the selection of linguistic resources used in a product, should be carried out very carefully, otherwise the author risks being misunderstood and undervalued.
