Referring to someone, we call its destination.That's the word, as we call it, and it is in the Russian language treatment.Sometimes it is expressed in a few words between them to punctuate or alliances.It is also often the phrase appears in the sentence as an appeal.Examples: " Mom, I love you. Mom and Dad , you are most dear to me people. Dear Mother , I love you."
What words expressed
Most treatment is proper names, nicknames, nicknames, animate common nouns.Less - inanimate objects act as an appeal.Examples: " Anna , go out to the balcony. Moscow , love you like a son, give paw, Jack . Let us sing, friends ! Farewell, Sea" .
What parts of speech is expressed by an appeal?
- noun in the nominative case: "How long can you wait, Boris ?!"
- nouns in oblique cases: "Hey, the ship ! Throw lifeboat!"
- adjectives, the use within the meaning of the noun: "Let us not quarrel, expensive" .
- numerals: "Welcome, welcome! Give voice, fourth !"
- Communion: "Be happy, living !"
intonational emphasizing
By increasing or decreasing pitch, pauses and special intonation can be found vocative appeal.Examples for comparison: "The girl opened the window. / girl , open the window!"
in the ancient language to express complaints even existed form the vocative case.Part of it has been preserved in the interjections: " my God, my God, the priest lights et al.".
syntactic role
Applications are never the sentence.They do not carry meaning, and their task - only to draw the attention of the addressee to express words.They do not have grammatical relations with members of the proposals.Here are examples for comparison with treatment without him, "Father talked to me quite strongly. / Father , talk to me."In the first case, the noun "father" in a sentence related to the subject and the predicate "talking."In the second case the word - treatment, and it does not do any syntactic role.
expression of emotions
feelings of joy and sadness, anger and admiration, affection and anger can express treatment.Examples show how emotion can be transmitted not only tone, but with the suffix, definitions, applications: " Nadia , do not abandon us! Do not think, pathetic fanfaronishka , that scared me. Nightingale, my light ,how sweet you sing! "
vocative sentence.Common treatment
Appeals can be very similar to the so-called vocative sentence.These proposals embody the connotation.But it has no treatment.Examples vocative suggestions and proposals with reference: "Ivan! - She said desperately. / We need to talk, Ivan" .
In the first case we are dealing with a vocative sentence that contains the connotation pleas, despair, hope.In the second case, it simply handling.
Examples of proposals in which the speech component is common, show what are wordy and detailed treatment: " young maiden that loosened braids and the lips parted for love songs , you'll be dreaming about me. you , speakingthe glory and freedom, have forgotten all his promises , do not expect mercy. "
Colloquially common treatment are dissected in a sentence: "Where, mil , dost thou go, people ?"
Handling and styles of speech
in literary and colloquial speech as references can be used stable expression: "Do not torture me, you, sadness, longing ! Where is me, stitches-track ?"To contact
often characterized by the use of structures with a particle of .If this particle is used with the pronoun, it is usually accompanied by attributive subordinate clause: " O ye , recently answered me with a smile , slumped your eyes?"
Treatment with particle and more common in colloquial speech: " Masha, Masha, where our porridge?"
place treatment in a bid to
appeal may be in the beginning, middle and end of the sentence: " Andrew , what happened to you yesterday? / What's the matter, Andrew , happened yesterday? / What happened to you yesterday,, Andrew ? "
Appeal may not be included in the proposals, and used independently: " Nikita A. ! Well, why do not you go?"
Punctuation handling
appeal which part of the proposal, it would be neither were always segregated by commas.If it is brought outside the construction is independent, it is often placed after the exclamation mark.We give examples of proposals with reference to the exclusion of punctuation marks.
- If treatment is used in the beginning of a sentence, then after a comma: " Sweet Natalia , do we sing!"
- If the call is within the sentence, it stands apart from both sides: "I recognize you, cute , gait."
- If the call is placed in the end of the sentence, the comma in front of him, and after him the sign, which require tone - point ellipsis, exclamation mark or question mark, "What did you eat for dinner, children ?"
Here is an example in which the appeal is outside the offer: " Sergey V. ! Urgently to the operating room! / Sweet Homeland ! How often I think of you in a foreign land!"
If treatment is used with a particle of , the punctuation mark between it and the appeal is not put: " About cute garden , I again breathe the fragrance of your flowers!"
rhetorical appeal
treatment usually used in the dialogues.In poetry, oratory, they are involved in the stylistic coloring of the message.One such stylistically significant figures of speech is a rhetorical appeal.An example we see in the famous poem by Mikhail Lermontov "Death of a Poet": "You greedy crowd standing at the throne, Freedom, Genius and Fame executioners!"(This, incidentally, is a sample of widespread circulation.)
Feature rhetorical appeal lies in the fact that it as a rhetorical question, does not require an answer or response.It simply reinforces the message of expressive speech.
