In literature, the term "electoral system" is described in two ways.In a broad sense, this term refers to social relations directly related to the elections and their constituent order.They are governed by constitutional law, and the rules that are set by public associations.An important role is played by traditions and customs, norms of political ethics and morality.
There are basic principles of the electoral system: universality, svobodovolnoe participation in elections, and equality of citizens in the process, a mandatory vote, competitiveness, equal opportunities for all bidders, "transparency" and carrying out preparatory work.
Accordingly, under the electoral system can be understood as the mechanism by which formed government and self-government in the Russian regions.This process includes several major items: fixed the system of lawmaking, which itself the authority to carry out activities and conduct of the election campaign;as well as the activity of the subjects of legal and political structures.
In a narrow sense, the system is considered as fixed in the legal acts of a way to set the election results and distribute parliamentary seats.This process depends on the results of the voting.
main types of electoral systems are determined, above all, the principles of formation of government.In various countries, they differ.However, due to the centuries-old experience of representative democracy were identified two main types: majority and proportional.These types of electoral systems, or rather their elements, find themselves in other diverse models.
majority system based on a personal representative in the government.Therefore, as a candidate for the post is always put forward a definite personality.The mechanism of nomination may be different: some types of electoral systems allow self-nominated candidates, for example, public associations, and others require that a candidate to run exclusively on political parties.However, any balance of power in the majority districts consideration takes place on a personal basis.Therefore, competent, adult citizen, having come to the polls to vote for a particular person as an independent unit of the described process.
Typically, the types of electoral system, the basis of which is the majority, hold elections in single-mandate constituencies.The number of districts depends on the number of mandates.The winner is the participant of the campaign receives the most votes District.
proportional system.
It is based on the principle of representation of parties.Accordingly, in this case, they put forward certain lists of candidates for the proposed vote.Types of electoral systems, which are based is the proportionality offer actually vote for a political party that defends the interests of certain layers.Mandates shall be allocated proportionally according to the number of votes cast (as a percentage).
Places authorities which party won, people take from the list put forward by it and in accordance with its established priorities.Typically, the first 90 are prepared from the corresponding list of candidates.
mixed system
Attempts to make best use of the types of electoral systems described above have resulted in mixed systems.Their essence is reduced to that of the deputies elected by the majority system, and some - on a pro rata.Accordingly, the voter an opportunity to vote both for a candidate and for a political party.This system was used in Russia in the State Duma elections of the first four convocations.
