believed that national wealth - a combination of the economic assets of the country, to ensure people's lives, as well as the production of goods and services.So says Goskomstat methodology.This economic category characterizes the economic potential of the state, convincing evidence of long-term development prospects.
Note of principle: the concept of national wealth is revealed through this category - economic assets.Inside the state konstitutsialnye units have ownership of them enjoy the benefits of an economic nature.In view of the relevance of permanent monitoring of this indicator to determine the effectiveness of the policy economists of all countries is constantly determine its growth or decline
used in the method of calculating the world's national wealth is determined in two ways: a way to balance the national standards.
balance method
national wealth in the calculation of the balance is defined as the net value of the equity balances directly from the table of assets and liabilities (see. Table 1), drawn up for various sectors of the economy.This - the traditional approach to Russia (first - for the USSR) that presents this indicator as the totality of the products of labor, m. E. National assets accumulated by generations together with the natural resources involved in the economic process.
method of national standards
However, as experts note, the system of national accounts more effectively determines the national wealth.This is - really a market approach as SNA is a balanced set of indicators, which reflect the complex macro-economy of the state.Besides wealth created by the working population, the system of national accounts also takes into account the difference between financial assets (2) and financial liabilities (3).
Table 1. The overall structure of the national wealth
national wealth.Composition
define what constitutes a part of the national wealth, respectively, the national accounts methodology, briefly describing its components.
Non-financial assets, being the property of institutional units, are a means for production and non-economic benefits they gained.By its composition, they include fixed assets (manufacturing and non-manufacturing), current assets, as well as value.
characteristic feature of fixed assets is their property several times to participate in social reproduction.These include buildings and structures, machinery and equipment, transport and communications and other.They have the ability to reduce its value as a result of physical wear and tear.The level of depreciation of fixed assets of the country - a strategic indicator.In particular, the Russian economy at the current level is characterized by a significant proportion of depreciation of fixed assets.They update - important direction of development of the state.
Inventories of current assets of a material nature - it is, in particular, raw materials, finished products, goods produced for sale, as well as purchased for resale.The state's role in the development of the production sector is largely determined enough to ensure its working capital enterprises, which are the "raw material" for the production (fuel, materials, proper raw materials, feed, seed and so on.).However, the important and well-established economic links, prevent the formation of excessive stocks of finished products.
financial assets is immaterial, their essence - value.They have a characteristic feature: they are relatively owner - assets relative to its counterpart - the obligation.
Table 2. Composition of national wealth by the method of SNA
However, the figures do not account for the SNA is quite thin category, one of the main indicators of national wealth - the human factor.About his role in this article will be mentioned later.At the same time, its characteristics are defined by parameters such as average life expectancy, the percentage of the working population works in the specialty, the active labor period, the cycle of existence of family, fertility.
national wealth.Properties index
important fact is that the national wealth - a measure is not static, but dynamic changes over time.It is determined at any time at the current residual value.
Second, as already noted, the national wealth (NB) heterogeneous.On the one hand - natural resources, on the other - the products of labor.It also Includes both financial and intangible assets.
Third, national wealth accounts for all property owning residents, individuals and legal entities, even if it is abroad.
characteristic components
Statistics of national wealth - is not uniform.It is a different approach to the analysis of the components of this complex index, which naturally stems from its nature.If you wonder about their types, we can define the following categories of:
1. Unplayable .These include minerals reserves are exhausted (mainly industrial method).
2. Playable. These are assets created by the working population productive and nonproductive purposes.
3. Intangible.It - know-how society in the country, generated by its social, educational and humanitarian internal policies.These include welfare, intellectual and qualifying potential.
4. Payables to foreign countries and financial institutions.
Basic parameters
Statistics of national wealth is based on analyzing its parameters.With their help, the complex is illuminated by the property status of the state: the dynamics of NB;its use by the State;components, the amount and structure;composition and proportions;type of reproduction of the national wealth and its components;characterization of components.
Thus, NB represented as a set of assets and economic resources, directly affecting the expanded reproduction of society.
world's resources.Statistics
Russian Academy of Sciences estimated the total world wealth nation.This rate was determined on the basis of the credentials of the World Bank.Its value at the beginning of the XXI century cumulatively for all countries of the world amounted to $ 550 trillion.Consider generally the information.The share of human capital in the major part of it - $ 350 trillion, Natural Resources - $ 95 trillion, industrial and non-productive assets - $ 90 trillion.
According to statistics, 50% of the national wealth of the world belongs to the developed countries of Western Europe, USA, Canada and Japan.National Bank of the United States is estimated at $ 24 trillion, $ 95 trillion of national wealth of the OPEC countries, which control a significant portion of the world's oil reserves, 40% of its production and world prices for it.Former CIS countries belongs to the National Bank, constituting $ 80 trillion.
As aforementioned scientists estimate the national wealth of Russia is $ 60 trillion.The component of the human factor in it - $ 30 trillion, natural resources - $ 24 trillion, industrial and non-productive assets - $ 6 trillion.
above proportion of the national wealth of the world are displayed in Table 3.
Table 3. Structure of the world of wealth
national wealth of Russia
characteristic that Russia belongs to the multiple advantages over other countries in terms of national wealth per oneCitizen (400 thous. $), which is four times the world average.Incidentally, the average population density per square kilometer of Russia was 8.39 person while in France the figure is 119, for Italy - 200.52, Germany - 229.12.
impressive assessment of the national wealth of the Russian Federation.Land fund it - 12.5% of the world.On the territory of Russia is half of the world's fresh water, more than 50% of black earth, more than 60% of coniferous forests of the planet.Reserves of natural resources Russia is very significant, they occupy a significant share of the world's natural resources.In particular, the Russian gas reserves account for 32% of the world, oil - 13%;zinc - 15%;iron - 26%;carbon - 11%;zinc - 15%;nickel - 36%.
The raw nature of the economy
Experts say that the economy of the Russian Federation at the current time is raw materials.What does it mean?A significant amount of crude oil and gas (75%) is exported and only a quarter is consumed in the domestic market.In the structure of Russia's GDP extract oil and gas occupy a significant share: about 32%, while engineering products - about 5%.The latter figure, as we understand it, does not correspond to the economic and scientific potential of Russia.The thing is the actual presentation of the global market demand for raw materials due to the protectionist policies of the West to the skill- and capital intensity of production labeled "made in Russia".
Dynamics of Russian oil production shows the tendency of growth.Currently, the volume of its production is quite impressive numbers half a billion tons.The economy of the Russian Federation is sensitive to currency revenues from oil sales, including investment in the machinery sector, allows us to pass to the new technologies.That is mined in Russia, "black gold" table displays 4.
Table 4. Dynamics of production of Russian oil
majority of Russian oil (trade name of the Urals) - 65% - is produced in the Tyumen region.However, in the long term mining in the region will be reduced, at the same time as the Far East and Eastern Siberia projected growth.
Even more indicative of the rising dynamics of gas Russia (see. Table 5).Analysis of economic indicators showed an alarming trend: the reorientation of the economy on the efficiency of raw materials exceeds the pace of development of mechanical engineering.
Table 5. Dynamics of production of gas in Russia
However, assessment of the national wealth of Russia would be incomplete without constraints multiply its intensity.They are systemic.In Russia on human capital in national wealth accounted for 50% of the specific weight of natural resources - 32% and capital productive and nonproductive, respectively - 18%.At the same time the national wealth for the West European countries the proportion of the human factor is 78.4%.
leading role of the human factor in the national wealth
According to experts, is not only the absolute value terms, but also the structure of the national wealth is an important factor in the welfare state.The economists of the Chicago school in the 70s of the last century made a significant discovery in the structure of the National Bank of the leading role played by the human factor.We have already mentioned that its quality is determined by several components: the quality and life expectancy, education and gross production per person.If a quarter of a century ago the Russian Federation on this indicator belonged to 23th place, the now - 66th.
privatization or sabotage against the human factor?
various elements of national wealth have different levels of sensitivity to the economic crisis.The starting point for the determination of human capital is its assessment of the domestic labor market.
characteristic that during the restructuring cost in the sector of social production was actually cleared.This paltry cost was the basis of the pricing of the country.As a result, the businessman got the intermediary the opportunity to earn speculation ten times greater share of GDP than skilled industrial workers.
During the privatization of Soviet assets value of a workforce with new owners was estimated in the range of 0.1 - 0.5 thous. $.For comparison, the determination of the market price of US companies based on the cost of a workforce of 100 thousand. $.In particular, the company ZIL with hundred-thousandth the workforce was privatized for $ 16 million.Similarly privatized Uralmash, gas, and many other enterprise system.
reform of the Russian economy, according to the provisions of the "Washington Consensus" of 1990, did not change these imbalances.Tight monetary policy, together with the liberalization of trade does not rectify the situation.Currently, in the Russian Federation 20% of disposable income, do not provide a living wage for one family member.For the reproduction of the human factor (especially in manufacturing) need targeted social and economic policies.
Conclusion
national wealth of the Russian Federation at the present stage requires a significant revaluation of its components to produce steady growth.The key is to increase the proportion of human capital.To do so to provide additional funding and resources.The oligarchs will have to share their "piece of cake" of Russia's GDP, which they consume and transferred to Western banks deposits.
So businessmen fascinated by maximizing their income, will almost feel that investment in human capital in Russia - the most profitable, and learn how to make them systematically.Perhaps this idea should be adequately "explain" the oligarchs state.
On the other hand, will also be in demand, and special infrastructure, control and ensure the efficiency of investment in the human factor.
