With deduction revealed truth in the natural sciences and in everyday life.People used the ability to reason logically, that in a general sense and represents a deduction in everyday household life, at work, in games and other non-science activities.Explore the science of logic processes.Deduction is based on the allocation of general propositions are logically processed by private conclusions.For a better understanding of the subject matter you need to understand that this deduction, and explore all the related aspects.
What is the conclusion?
First we need to understand that such a conclusion.Logic sees this concept as a form of thinking in which several promises (form judgments) is born a new proposition (ie, findings or conclusions).
example:
- All living organisms use moisture.
- absolutely all of the plants are living organisms.
- Inference - all the plants use the moisture.
Thus, the first and second judgment in this example - is a promise, and the third - a conclusion (conclusion).The fallacy of one of the promises can lead to a false conclusion.If promises are not connected, the output can be done.
Inferences are divided into direct and indirect.The conclusion is the last one sent.That is, they are transformed by simple judgments.
The reasoning mediated analysis of several promises leads to withdrawal.Such opinions are divided into three types: deductive, inductive and conclusions by analogy.Let us consider each of them.
Deductive reasoning
conclusions based on deduction, envisages the withdrawal of the special case of the general rule.
example:
- monkeys like bananas.
- Lucy - a monkey.
- Inference: Lucy loves bananas.
In this example, the first message of a general rule, in the second - a special case included in the general rule and, therefore, on this basis, the conclusion with respect to this particular case.If all the monkeys like bananas, and Lucy is one of them, she loves them too.Example clearly explains what deduction.This movement from largest to smallest, from the general to the particular, in which the aspect of knowledge is narrowed, causing a reliable conclusion.
inductive inference
opposite of deductive reasoning is inductive, in which some particular cases of the general pattern is displayed.
example:
- Vasya has a head.
- Petya has a head.
- Kolya has a head.
- John, Peter and Nick - people.
- Inference - all people have a head.
In this case, send the first three are special cases, generalized under the fourth one class of objects, and in conclusion said the general rule for all objects of this class.In contrast to the deduction in the inductive inference reasoning goes from low to high, from private to general, therefore, the findings are not significant, and probabilistic.After the transfer of special cases for a total group of error-prone, as in all cases, there may be exceptions.The probabilistic nature of induction - it certainly is a minus, but there is a huge plus compared to the deduction.What is the deduction?This judgment is working on narrowing the knowledge of its specification, assessment and analysis of the known facts.Induction, by contrast, encourages the expansion of knowledge and creation of something new, the synthesis of new findings and judgments.
analogy
next type of reasoning based on analogy, that is estimated similar items together.If the items are similar to any signs of allowed and their similarity to others.
example of reasoning by analogy can serve as a test of large vessels in the pool, where the properties are transferred to the mind open water expanses of seas and oceans.The same principle guided the study of the properties of microscopic models of bridges.
should remember that similar conclusions as induction are probabilistic.
What is the benefit of deduction?
As mentioned earlier in this article, deductive reasoning can make any person in the course of life, and these findings affect many aspects of life in addition to the scientific.Deductive way of thinking is very useful to law enforcement, investigative and judicial bodies (for "Sherlock" modernity).
But what would a man was doing, deduction is always useful.The professional activity allows it to take the most rational and competent farsighted solutions, tuition - faster and more thoroughly master the subject, but in daily life - better to build relationships with people and understand others.
methods of deduction
Many people these days tend to self-development and, as a rule, come to understand the importance of having a quality of deductive reasoning.How to develop a deduction?
Development deduction can contribute to special games, as well as the introduction of a new way of thinking in everyday life.Essential tips to its development can be put together in the following blocks:
- awakening interest. Any material that is being studied, should cause concern.This will better understand all the intricacies of the subject and achieve the desired level of understanding.
- depth study. can not study the subjects superficially, only a thorough analysis will give a positive result.
- wide horizons. People with the development of thinking often have knowledge in many areas of life - culture, music, sports, science, etc.
- flexibility of thinking. What is deduction without the flexibility of thinking?It is practically useless attribute.To develop such flexibility, it is necessary to try to bypass all recognized ways and schemes to find new aspects of vision issues that prompt correct and sometimes unexpected decision.A critical approach to even the most ordinary and familiar situations will allow to make the best, and most importantly, independent decision.
- combination. Try to think at the same time in different ways - combine inductive and deductive reasoning.
