Idiom - expression, stable combinations of words, which is unacceptable replacement of individual components.This article will describe these structures shows the classification.It will also consider examples of phraseology in the Russian language and give some historical information.Particular attention will be paid to the properties of the group turns.
theory Charles Bally
For a start it must be said that studying these constructions school subject "Russian language" (Grade 2).Idiom first described by Charles Bally (French linguist).It was he who gave these structures definition.He also clarified that these revolutions are the opposite of phraseological groups.Part of the latter can create a variety of combinations.This is briefly the origin of phraseology.Next, consider a group of structures in more detail.
Classification
What is the idiom in Russian?Subsequently, it has identified the domestic linguist Viktor Vinogradov.He found that all the turnovers divided into several groups.The first was called adhesions, or idioms, the second is called "unity," and the third is called "combination".Colleague Vinogradov, Nikolay Shan added to the classification of another kind, called "phraseological expressions."
General properties
considering the fact that this idiom in the Russian language, it should be mentioned on the properties of the design.This combination is an entire construction, which can not be divided.It is generally unacceptable rearrangement of the constituent elements.This property can be manifested in different ways.Typically, the division is impossible to understand the meaning of idiom.The meaning of design is lost, if we rely on the individual words, or rather, their definition.Lexicalization - the process of converting a conventional phrases in sustainable design.Through this process you can make idioms.There are several features considered consistently drawn designs.Generalizing basic information about what is in Russian idiom, it should be said that each combination has the properties of reproducibility, stability, sverhslovnosti and accessories to the nominative inventory of the language.
Fusion
This combination is a structure whose value can not be calculated based only on the determination of its individual components.It is caused by a combination of elements that have lost their independence.These include, for example, such a structure as "Sodom and Gomorrah", indicating excessive clutter, noise.Some idioms can be classified as archaisms.Well-known examples-such idioms as "slack," which means to sit back (literally meaning - training logs to create are everyday objects).The popular idiom is considered to be "slack" that says that something is done badly.Nowadays, these idioms are relevant, but the literal meaning of many is unclear.
shaped design
This property is considered to be the basis for all other characteristics of phraseology.From the imagery originated emotional, evaluative and expressive.More focus on these qualities.Emotionally in phraseology it is considered that stable expression can not only describe the object or person, but to show the attitude of the speaker.Emotionality creates such a property as appraised.In this way all stable coupling can be divided into two categories: those that have a positive response, and those that show a negative judgment.Expressions of the first group may represent endorsement (as in phraseologism "blood and milk"), respect ("folded down") and admiration ("ruler of the minds").Construction of the second category express the irony (for example, "to carry water sieve") and neglect ("clerical rat").Expressiveness also shows the extent to which manifested the specified property.For example, the idiom of "pure water" means "true, most true."
Classification expressive-stylistic properties
Talking about what idiom in the Russian language, it should be said about the division of these designs on the main two groups.The first group includes mezhstilevaya momentum.They can be used in any field, and in any style of speech.In the second group are conversational everyday combination.Such designs are most often used in everyday life.Particularly stands out another group - book idioms.They are used only in the literary language.Idiom in the Russian language can be both supply and phrases.
Unity
This term referred to the definition of sustainable combination of words, in which each element retains its individual value.A sense of total turnover is generated by combining the elements of meaning.Phraseology unity, like a conventional design, the properties are not without imagery.All components of this expression have a direct significance, and together create a portable.
Features revolutions
If more disassemble phraseological unity, we can conclude that they are based on any of the trails, take the form of a metaphor.Examples of such statements can be considered as a combination of the words "to gnaw granite science" and "go with the flow."The words here, though have their own values, in the case of single use do not carry meaning.By interacting, they create a unified picture.A feature of such expressions is that foreigners can understand their literal translation.This phraseological unity still can not be divided into smaller units, and to change the language in which the word order.If you try to replace a word synonymous, then the expression ceases to be phraseology.So, if you take a combination of "chew on granite science" and replace it in the word "granite" on, for example, "basalt", the meaning is lost.However, there are situations where such adjustments are just a few change (expand or limit) the value phraseologism.For example, "get to the bait" and "fall into the network."A feature phraseological unities considered that they allow expression of official rupture and even independent words.In turn, "to bring to the white heat" can substitute "themselves, they, anybody."Because of the combination of "grist to the mill" can be a combination of "grist to his mill," "... his mill," "... on another mill."
combinations
Under these constructs understand these idioms, which consist of words with the value of the free and those that have a definition is used only in a particular utterance.Keyboard, along with the unity, as the stability of the structure, receive its definition of a set of values of individual words.
Properties combinations
features of phraseological combinations is that it is permissible for them to change vocabulary.Some items can be removed, replace them with synonyms, and other language elements.For example, there are idioms "burning with love", "burn with shame", "burn with hatred."As can be seen, the second part of the statement can substitute any word.However, first, the word "burn" should remain unchanged.Therefore, there are two kinds of components of phraseological combinations - fixed and variable.The variables are not all of the words.Provided certain number of units of expression.Thus, the combination of "burn with passion" can be considered a generalized option with respect to all of the above structures.Besides allowed substitution variables parts synonymous.The expression "to burn with shame" instead of "shame" can substitute "shame" or "disgrace."
Expressions
called phraseological expressions such momentum that free fall apart.And these elements are independent and have certain value separately from the statements.Such structures are stable in the speech used in a particular vocabulary.Phraseological expressions use of complete sentences with didactic sense or some conclusion.Therefore, this definition can be called aphorism and proverb.In addition, phraseological expressions are and professionalism, and stamps, inherent in speech.The latter can be attributed to the wishes, like "all good", "until we meet again."Not all linguists agree with membership of these expressions to the phraseology, because they do not have the main features of stable structures.
Historical information
Idiom existed in different languages for a long time.However, a precise and uniform definition they had not.And only at the end of the XVIII century it began to appear a large number of synonyms to designate them.For example, such design is called "a popular expression," "idiom," "aphorism".Sam Mikhail Lomonosov, fascinated by the creation of the plan of the dictionary of our language, believed that the momentum is considered an integral part thereof.In-depth study idioms were only a few decades ago.Until the middle of last century, scientists could only speculate and speculate about the properties and characteristics of phraseology.
great difficulty to study the stable expression did linguist Viktor Vinogradov.It was he who created the classification of all revolutions by their properties.The phraseology has not been studied until the end, still opens its new face.Modern linguists can not take one particular definition phraseologism pushing new versions.In addition, some scientists believe that sustainable design is necessary to distinguish between the two concepts.The first is considered a more specific and refers to him only idiom.The second wider.This could reckon, and proverbs, and sayings.In schools, stable expression are beginning to study in the second grade.Idiom - a sustainable combination of decorating it.That is, if you do not undertake an in-depth study, the idiom can be described so.These indivisible expressions having a lexical value denoting phenomena, the properties, conditions and symptoms are present in the Russian language in a sufficiently large quantity.All of them make it brighter and more emotional.
