In today's republican form of government, is perhaps the most popular in the state system of the globe.But what exactly does it represent?What types of republics?Try to understand.
Types republics of the history
The term comes from the Latin res (thing) and publica (common).That is literally it means the total (social) business.In ancient Greece and Rome at a certain stage of their existence was common just a form of government.In fact, already in practice it showed that the Republican concept can have different shapes, decorated in specific types of republics.For example, in the Greek city it existed a democratic option.This meant that all full citizens of the polis (men who have reached maturity and live birth on its territory) are entitled to vote at meetings of the whole people (Ecclesia), which addressed issues of special importance and elected governing body - the Board of archons.
in Rome as a state existed so-called aristocratic republic, in which the ball is ruled only the aristocrats (the patricians).After the fall of the ancient civilization of barbarian kingdoms and the formation of such a form of power devices are not gone from the stage of history, although it was far pushed feudal, and later - an absolute monarchy.
Various republics existed in Venice, Genoa, some German states.In the Novgorod Rus essential levers of power were the boyars, enters into a contract with the princes.Sich is also often called the Cossack republic.However, the revival is really a full-fledged republican form of government was after the Renaissance.
Modern ideas were formed under the influence of prominent educators: Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes.Important here is the idea of the so-called social contract, which expresses the idea that once upon a time people voluntarily waive their rights in favor of the government.However, this implies an obligation of the state to the people and the right of the latter to revolt if the government passes the legal framework.XIX and XX century was a time of fall of the monarchies and the establishment of democratic order - first in Europe and then worldwide.
modern Republic: concept, features, types
In today's world, such a device involves the following fundamental properties:
- principle of separation of powers involves the creation of several branches (independent from each other and with different powers).This principle is necessary as an additional measure of protection against possible usurpation of power by one person or a group of like-minded people.Most often, there are three branches: legislative (Parliament), executive (the President and the Cabinet of Ministers) and judicial powers (in fact, the system of courts), but in some countries there are additional (supervised, examination, and so on).
- Mandatory regular election of the supreme bodies of power: presidential and parliamentary elections (in some cases the president can be elected indirectly by the parliament).
- supremacy of the Constitution in the legal system of the state.Legal responsibility before the law authorities.
Republic may be parliamentary and presidential, depending on the balance of powers between the institutions.For example, the United States is a classic presidential, where the initiative of forming the government belongs to the President.Various presidential republic represented in many countries of Latin America and Africa.In Italy (and almost everywhere in Europe), on the other hand, the president is elected by parliament, and therefore, the last more levers of influence.
