In every religion there is the publication in which parishioners can find answers to common theological questions.It also contains provisions for primary education before baptism.Such a publication called "catechism".What it is?How did such a publication?Who was the originator?Is the Catholic Catechism of Christian?It was later in the article.
Terminology
So Catechism - What is it?The definition itself has ancient Greek origins.Then the word passed into Latin.Literally definition means "instruction", "learning".In other words, the Catechism is a religious document.It is also called 'catechetical book "containing the foundations of doctrine.This edition exists in the framework of different faiths.For example, there is the catechism of the Catholic Church.As a rule, the information contained in the publication in the form of "question-answer".Generally, the term "catechism" was used not only in worship.This definition may be called at any depth guidance, drawn up following the example of religious document.For example, in 1869, was created Catechism Nechayev.In this work, as opposed to a religious instrument promote programs for large-scale terror implies huge number of victims, against the "vile tyrants of the people."
General
main provisions, which contained the original Orthodox catechism, developed in the period from 1822 to 1823.Its author was the prelate Filaret (Drozdov).The publication was approved by the Synod and published in 1823.This catechism Filaret was approved initially as a guide.Subsequently, work was subjected to considerable revision.Adjustment and patching carried out by the author, the chief prosecutor and other members of the Synod.This work has been progressively elaborated and sustained many editions.Some theologians, including such figures as Metropolitan Macarius Bulgakov, catechism Filaret positioned as one of the "symbolic books".According to many, the work of the saint is one of the most authoritative source of doctrine.This is where the most fully set out on behalf of the Church of its basic tenets.
Disputes
However, some Orthodox theologians challenge the authorship of the Metropolitan Filaret.But, despite this, they have also recognized the importance of which has a catechism (what it is mentioned above) in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church.This statement is based on the fact that, according to Bishop Basil Krivoshein, the main religious document has undergone a radical editing.Due to the intervention of the chief procurator of the Holy Synod - the secular persons - the status of books as immutable dogmatic monument The Orthodox may also be questioned, as the Catechism of the Moscow Filaret does not contain all creeds and describes the influence of heterodox theology.
The issue of the role of religious document in modern Orthodox Church
At the beginning of 2014 has not issued any "instruction", adopted under the guidance of one of the top management bodies of the Russian Orthodox Church, whether the Council of Bishops and the Holy Synod.Release catechism is scheduled for 2015.For Protestants and miafizitov in the absence of an official document of religious ROC provides an opportunity to consider the current edition approved by the Synod, only as a guide.They believe structural while considering the catechism, it is not a dogmatic source, which should be the work of outlining the doctrine.Interestingly, the issue is usually called a Christian, not orthodox.This is due to the fact that it sets out the general Christian tenets to the residents of the Russian Empire.To be specified in it, and the status of the power.For example, Nicholas I was not only the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, but also the patron of the superintendent and his Lutheran subjects and participated in the election of the Armenian Patriarch.And, despite the disapproval of the Russian Orthodox Church as official catechisms and doctrinal sources, it was decided to develop their own leadership, setting out the basic truths of Orthodoxy.
religious structure of the document
section that opens the Orthodox catechism, informs the reader about the basic concepts of pre-Christian doctrine.It also shows a view of the concept of divine revelation on the part of the Russian Orthodox Church, told about the Bible.The next section consists of three major parts.They are based on the transfer of core Christian virtues: "About Love", "On Faith" and "The Hope."In the part devoted to the Faith, gives a detailed overview of the Nicene Creed in the Orthodox understanding, without the filioque.It is divided into 12 elements (members) for a more detailed examination.This is followed by the story of the seven sacraments of Christianity.In the section "About Hope" is considered an appropriate concept in the Christian specificity and explains the role of prayer in the life of the believer.It describes in detail the structure of the wave offering, "Our Father."For clarity, divided into praying invocation, seven petitions, and the doxology in custody.Section "of hope," 10 also explains the beatitudes.Part of the "About Love" is dedicated to the ten commandments of God.Four of them are carved on the first table.These are the commandments of love for the Creator.The remaining six are laws of love for his neighbor.A description of each commandment is accompanied necessary for compliance with the requirements and a description of sin, which may contribute to its violation.At the end of religious document indicates "The use of the doctrine of faith and piety."It should be noted Structural catechism that this manual is very useful for learning and understanding.The text is formed in the form of questions and answers.So, first the suffering interests of the faith, the content and the main purpose of Orthodoxy.Religious document answers the question.Text management has undergone a deliberate archaism.The book contains a large number of tserkovnoslavyanizmy.For example, traffic "in what sense" the catechism sounds like "what the power / mind."This archaic became prominent in the first half of the nineteenth century.
briefly to establish a single management
first quarter of the nineteenth century was marked by the use of a sufficiently large number of catechisms.The most common among the Orthodox leadership was authorship of Metropolitan Peter Graves and Plato.Created under the influence of these works, new editions, as well as their primary sources, have been criticized by the Church.In the first case was seen "Catholic" bias.In the second criticism of the presence of Protestant elements.Resolution of this situation was the creation of a new catechism.In addition, because Implemented in 1816 a new translation of the Bible books in Russian, it was decided to postpone the relevant quotations from the old to the new media management.While maintaining compliance with the use edited translation.Developing a new single catechism it was initiated in 1822.
Authorship
task of drawing up a catechism was placed in front of one of the most educated and professional Russian theologians - Metropolitan Filaret of Moscow and Kolomna.The first edition was published in 1823.Catechism was made on the structure, then saved in all editions and versions.It was attended by three mandatory section of the Faith, Hope and Love.Author retained and presentation of a material in the form of a "question-answer".The given from Scripture citations were given in accordance with the transfer of 1816, some of the phrases have been translated personally Filaret.The most important from the point of view of the compiler of the guidance were withdrawn in large print.
new document
1823 was marked by the re-release of a catechism.The work was spared from those seen in the first edition of mistakes.Later, in 1824, came four more editions scored Church Slavonic and civil type (two editions for each type of mark).Short version religious document was issued after mid-1824 and was named "Small Catechism".What was the issue?It was intended primarily for semi-literate people and children.The guide includes the text selected in the main edition of using large font.Vulture "Published by imperial order" in the Small Catechism was not.Initial Catechism began to be called "space."
Criticism of religious document and its results
horrible appearance of catechisms in the same time period when actively criticized translations of the books of Sacred Scripture, Implemented Russian Bible Society.A number of conservative government and high-ranking clergymen especially sharply criticized the activities of the DBR.Supported AAArakcheyev Minister of Education AlexanderShishkov and Archimandrite Photius actively stated that the Russian language is not allowed in the prayers and sacred texts.Moreover, its use can cause the appearance of various heresies.ASShishkov, being a supporter of the idea of the identity of the Church Slavonic and Russian languages, defended his views before the Metropolitan Seraphim.According to Photius, catechism Drozdov and guidance of Peter Graves are comparable with each other as well as "kanavnaya water" is comparable to "... the good water of the Neva".
discrepancies with the original
With initiative ASShishkov began research catechisms Metropolitan Filaret.The aim of this work was to identify the degree of deviation from the original source, which was the Orthodox doctrine.The emphasis is placed on the feasibility of using a reviewer in a religious document, biblical quotations in Russian.In this regard, his views coincided with Photios and ASShishkov.On the other hand, observations relating to a purely theological content of the catechism, is not powerful enough argument.Description of significant management deficiencies reviewer reinforces the form contained in the question: "What is the best doctrine of piety?"It should answer: "Christian Doctrine".From a formal point of view, the reviewer suggests that in addition to the "best", there may be a "good" doctrine of piety, whether Buddhism or Islam.
Prohibitions
With such a strong religious deployed against the emergence of the document at the end of the campaign in November 1824 came into effect a decree of the Holy Synod.He forbade the printing and distribution of catechisms Filaret until further notice.The reason for the ban was declared the inadmissibility of the transcriptions of the Lord's Prayer, the Creed and the 10 Commandments in the Russian called "folksy dialect".In 1825 he was re-released Catechism of Metropolitan Platon.I must say that this work first appeared in 1786 and withstood seven editions.The last of them was positioned as a counterweight to work Filaret.In Plato's leadership has been observed above quotation from the Bible in Church.
