Nature is beautiful and varied.Existing on the same planet, plants and animals have had to learn to live with each other.The relationship between organisms - is a difficult but interesting topic that will help to better understand the world.
Types of relationships There are different kinds of relationships between living organisms themselves.But scientists divide them into three major groups.
The first group combines all of those kinds of relationships between organisms that can be called positive, the result of which helps to exist without contradictions the two organisms.
The second group includes those types of relationships that are called negative.The interaction of the two organisms extracts only one benefit, and the second depressed.Sometimes the latter may even die as a result of these relationships.By this group is also such an interaction of organisms that adversely affects both the first and the second individual.
third group is considered to be the smallest.This group includes the relationships between organisms that do not bring any benefit or harm to both parties.
Positive kinds of relationships of organisms
In order to exist in the world, need to find allies and helpers.It is this and takes a lot of plants and animals throughout their evolutionary development.The result is communication that both sides benefit from the relationship.Or those relationships that benefit only one side, and the second they do not harm.
positive relationships, also called symbiosis, diverse.Now it allocates cooperation, mutualism and commensalism.
Cooperation
Cooperation - these are the relationships between living organisms that derive benefit both sides.Most often, this benefit is in the production of food.But sometimes one party receives from the other, not only food, but also protection.Very interesting are the relationships between organisms.Examples can be seen in the animal world, in different parts of the world.
One becomes cooperation hermit crab and the sea anemone.Thanks anemones, cancer finds shelter and protection from the other inhabitants of the water space.Without anemone hermit crab can not move.But cancer allows you to expand the radius to find food.In addition, you do not eat actinium, go down to the bottom and get cancer.So, benefit from these relations get both sides.
Another example was the relationship of rhinos and herds of birds.Such relationships between organisms allow one of the parties to find food.Oxen birds eat insects that live in abundance in the huge rhinoceros.Rhinoceros also helpful neighbors.With these birds, he can lead a healthy life and not worry about insects.
Commensalism
Commensalism - these are the relationships between organisms in ecosystems where one organism benefits and the other of these relationships are not disturbed, but not gains.This type of relationship is also called nahlebnichestvom.
Sharks - terrible sea predators.But for fish stuck they are likely to survive and defend itself from other aquatic predators, who are weak in comparison with the sharks.Remora fish benefit from sharks.But do not bring them any benefit.At the same time, there is no harm.For sharks such relationships go unnoticed.
in rodent holes can be found not only young, but also a huge amount of different insects.Nora created beast becomes their home.It is here that they are not only shelter, but also to protect those animals who love to eat them.The rodent burrow insect is not terrible.In addition, here they can find enough food to lead a life without troubles.Rodents do not experience any problems from these kinds of relationships.
Negative kinds of relationships between organisms
Existing together on the planet, the animals can not only help each other but also to harm.It is not easy to learn the relationships between organisms.The table will help pupils and students.
Types of relationships that are considered negative, in turn, are also divided into several types.Among them are those on which one party benefits, and the other harm, and there are those that suffer from both sides.Negative examples are considered predation, parasitism and competition.
Predation
What predation, everyone can talk without preparation.This is the relationship between organisms where one side benefits, while the other suffers.In order to better understand who eats whom, you can make the food chain.And then it is easy to see that many of the herbivores are the food of other animals.At the same time, and the predators can also be someone's food.
Despite the fact that the sea urchins are often portrayed in the pictures with apples and mushrooms, they are predators.Hedgehogs feed on small rodents.But also can not feel safe.They can be eaten by foxes.In addition, the fox, like wolves eat rabbits.
Parasitism Parasitism - this is the kind of relationship where one organism gains thanks to another.But this parasite is often trying to do so that the second body is not lost.Otherwise the parasite will have to look for a new dwelling place and a new source of food.Or perish.
parasites found in animals and plants.For example, almost every inhabitant of the middle band saw tinder fungus.It's a living organism, which is conveniently arranged on a tree trunk, and sometimes grows to epic proportions.This fungus is not so easy to remove from the trunk.It is fixed very firmly.Because of the tree fungus receives food and residence.
There are a huge number of worms which live at the expense of a stronger organism with a complex organization.Perhaps the most famous worm parasite Ascaris is a human.White worms can be different sizes.They can be found not only in the intestine.In the most severe cases, they can find shelter in different parts of the body.Thanks man from ascarid always have food.Furthermore, the human body temperature, and that the conditions which are necessary in order to safely worms existed bred.The large number of Ascaris in the human body causes inconvenience and many problems which can only solve the doctor.
in the bodies of other animals are also often settle parasitic worms.Among them are, for example, liver flukes.This relationship between organisms becomes a real disaster for the people.And especially for those who are engaged in animal husbandry or gardening.Damage caused to agriculture by parasites, is immeasurable.
Competition
Despite the bloodthirsty predators, leading the hunt for the weaker small animals, day and night, the competition is considered the most severe type of relationships between organisms.It refers to those fighting for a place under the sun among the same species.And the means to obtain the necessary amount of food or better housing in each species its own.
win in the struggle stronger and more agile beasts.Strong Wolves get a good catch, others remain or to eat other, less hearty animals, or die of hunger.Such a struggle is being waged between the plants for to get as much moisture or sunlight.
neutral relationship
There are some types of relationships between organisms where both parties do not receive any benefit or harm.Despite the fact that they live on the same territory, they do not absolutely nothing in common.If one of the parties to this relationship disappears from the face of the planet, the other party is not directly affected.
Thus, in warm countries, different herbivores feed on the leaves of the same tree.Giraffes eat those leaves that are on the top.They are the most juicy and delicious.But other herbivores have to eat the remnants of growing below.Giraffes do not interfere with them and do not take food.For low animals can not reach the leaves, which eat high.A high does not make sense to tilt and take food from others.
There are different forms of relationships between organisms.And learn them all is not easy.But it is important to remember that everything in nature is interconnected.The most common plants and animals affect each other positively or negatively, at least do not affect in any way.But even if they are not directly linked, this does not mean that the disappearance of one will not result in the death of another.The relationship between organisms - an important part of the world.
