This article provides a brief biography of Khrushchev described his political activities both inside the country and abroad.Also determined cons of Khrushchev's rule and its advantages, an evaluation of the activities of a political leader.
Khrushchev: biography.Early career
Nikita Khrushchev (years of life: 1894-1971) was born in Kursk province (p. Kalynivka) in a family of peasants.In winter, he studied at the school during the summer worked as a shepherd.Since childhood led employment.So, at the age of 12 years Khrushchev had worked in the mine, and before that - in the factory.
During the First World War was not called to the front because he was a miner.He took an active part in the life of the country.Khrushchev was adopted by the Bolshevik Party in 1918 and took part on their side in the Civil War.
After becoming Soviet power, Khrushchev engaged in political and economic activities.In 1929 he entered the Industrial Academy in Moscow, where he was elected secretary of the party committee.He worked as a second and then first secretary of the MGK.
Khrushchev quickly given career.Already in 1938, he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the USSR.During the Great Patriotic War he was appointed Commissioner of the highest rank.The first time after the war, Khrushchev was the head of the Ukrainian government.Six months after the death of Stalin in 1953 became the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.
coming to power
After the death of Joseph Stalin in the party circles a common opinion about the so-called collective leadership.In fact, in the ranks of the Communist Party was in full swing internal political struggle.The result of it was the arrival of Khrushchev and the post of first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in September 1953.
Such uncertainty about who should lead the country, took place due to the fact that Stalin himself never sought a successor, and did not express preferences as to who should lead the Soviet Union after his death.Party leaders were absolutely not ready for this.
However, before taking up the post of chief of the country Khrushchev had to get rid of other possible candidates for the post - GM Malenkov and Beria.As a result of a failed attempt to seize power in 1953, the last, Khrushchev decided to neutralize it, thus enlisting the support of Malenkov.After that the only obstacle to prevent him face Malenkov was also eliminated.
Domestic Policy
domestic policy under Khrushchev can not be considered uniquely bad or uniquely good.It has done a lot for the development of agriculture.This was particularly noticeable until 1958.Master new virgin lands, farmers got more freedom, were born some of the elements of a market economy.
However, after 1958 the actions of the country and, in particular Khrushchev began to worsen the economic situation in the country.Start applying constraining farming methods of administrative regulation.It was imposed a partial ban on livestock.A huge herd was destroyed.The situation was aggravated by the peasants.
ambiguous idea of mass cultivation of maize only worsened the situation of the people.Corn is planted and those areas of the country where it obviously could not settle down.The country has been a food crisis.In addition, unsuccessful economic reforms, almost led to a default in the country, had a negative impact on the financial possibilities of citizens.
However, it should be noted, and those great achievements, which made the Soviet Union in the Khrushchev.This is a huge leap in the space sector, and large-scale development of science, especially the chemical industry.SRI created, mastered vast areas for agriculture.
In general, we can talk about the failure to reach the goals set by Nikita Sergeyevich in the economic sphere and in the socio-cultural.In this regard, it should be noted that Khrushchev was going over the next twenty years to create and nurture truly communist society.For this purpose, in particular, it has been carried out and failed school reform.
offensive thaw
time of Khrushchev's rule marked a new socio-cultural turn in the life of the country.Creative people got in a sense, more freedom, theaters began to open, began to appear new magazines.In the Soviet Union began to develop uncharacteristic for the existing socialist regime visual arts, exhibitions began to appear.
changes were made and the overall freedom in the country.At the will of the political prisoners began to leave, left behind the era of brutal repression and executions.
However, it may be noted and reinforced the oppression of the Orthodox Church from the state, the hardware control of the creative life of the intelligentsia.There have been arrests and persecution of unwanted writers.For them fully faced Pasternak written for his novel "Doctor Zhivago".Continue and arrests for "anti-Soviet activity."
De-Stalinization
Khrushchev's speech with the report "On the Personality Cult and its Consequences" at the XX Party Congress in 1956 created a furore not only the in party circles, but also in the public consciousness as a whole.Many people have thought of those materials that have been approved for publication.
The report did not say any of the flaws of the system or of the wrong course of communism.The state itself does not criticize.Critique been generated over the years only the leadership of Stalin's personality cult.Khrushchev denounced the crimes mercilessly and injustice, spoke of the deportees, of illegally shot.Criticize and arbitrary arrests, fabricated criminal cases.
Board Khrushchev thus had to mark a new era in the life of the country, to declare recognition of past mistakes and prevent them in the future.And indeed, with the arrival of a new head of state to end executions, arrests decreased.On freedom began to release the surviving camp inmates.
Khrushchev and Stalin in the methods of the Board differed significantly.Khrushchev tried not to use Stalinist methods even in the struggle with his political opponents.He did not carry out executions of their own opponents and did not organize mass arrests.
Transfer the Ukrainian Crimea
Currently speculation around the issue of the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine erupted with even greater force than before.In 1954, the Crimean peninsula was transferred from the RSFSR to the USSR, the initiator of which was made by Khrushchev.Ukraine, so she had never previously owned the territory.This decision gave rise to the problems between Russia and Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
There are many opinions, including frankly incredible, about the real reasons that led Khrushchev to take this step.Explains his generosity, and a gust of Nikita, and a sense of responsibility and guilt to the people of Ukraine for the repressive policies of Stalin.However, the most likely are a few theories.
Thus, it is believed that the peninsula was handed over to the Soviet leader as a fee Ukrainian leadership for assistance in the nomination for the post of first secretary of the Central Committee.Also, according to the official point of view of the period, the reason for the transfer of the Crimea was a significant event - the 300th anniversary of the connection between Russia and Ukraine.In connection with this transfer of Crimea was considered "evidence of the boundless confidence of the Russian people Ukrainian."
There are opinions that the Soviet leader had no authority to redistribution of boundaries within the country and the rejection of the peninsula from the RSFSR was absolutely illegal.However, according to another opinion of this act has been carried out for the benefit of the residents of the Crimea.This is explained by the fact that a part of Russia due to unprecedented migration of entire peoples in the Stalin era, Crimea only worsens their economic performance.Despite the best efforts of the country's leadership for the voluntary resettlement of people on the peninsula, the situation remained negative on it.
That is why the decision was made about the redistribution of internal borders, which should significantly improve the economic relations between Ukraine and the peninsula and contribute to its large population.In fairness it should be noted that this decision subsequently brought a significant improvement in the economic situation in the Crimea.
Foreign Policy
Khrushchev came to power, realize the harmfulness and danger of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and Western countries.Even before he Malenkov suggested the US to improve bilateral relations, for fear of possible direct collision blocks after Stalin's death.
Khrushchev also knew that the nuclear standoff too dangerous and detrimental to the Soviet state.During this period he sought to find with the West, particularly the United States, the points of contact.Communism has not been considered by him as the only possible way of development of the state.
Thus, Khrushchev, historical portrait is due to describe the action gained some flexibility, aimed foreign policy in a sense of rapprochement with the West, which also realize all the benefits of emerging changes.
deterioration of international relations
At the same time debunking the cult of Stalin had a negative impact on relations between the Soviet Union and Communist China.In addition, the international situation began to slowly but surely heating up.A lot of this has contributed to the aggression of Italy, France and Israel, aimed at Egypt.Khrushchev knew the vital interests of the Soviet Union in the East and pointed out that the Soviet Union could provide direct military assistance to those who have undergone international aggression.
also began creating enhanced military-political blocs.So, in 1954, it was created SEATO.In addition, Germany was admitted to NATO.In response to the actions of the West Khrushchev created a military-political bloc of socialist states.It was created in 1955 and designed by the conclusion of the Warsaw Pact.The member countries of the Warsaw Pact were the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, Hungary, Bulgaria.
In addition, to improve relations with Yugoslavia.Thus, the Soviet Union recognized and a different model of communism.
In this regard, it should be noted dissatisfaction in the countries of the socialist camp, which greatly intensified the already mentioned after the XX Congress of the CPSU.Particularly strong discontent broke out in Hungary and Poland.And if the latter failed to resolve the conflict peacefully, the Hungarian events led to a bloody climax, when the Soviet troops entered Budapest.
First cons Khrushchev's foreign policy, according to many historians, is its excessive emotionality and demonstrative manifestation of his character, which caused fear and confusion on the part of the countries - representatives of the Western bloc.
Caribbean crisis
intensity of relations between the USSR and the United States continued to put the world to the brink of nuclear catastrophe.The first serious exacerbation occurred in 1958 after the proposal Khrushchev West Germany change their own status and create inside the demilitarized zone.This proposal was rejected, which caused tensions between the superpowers.
Khrushchev also sought to support the uprising and people's discontent in the regions of the world, which was heavily influenced by the United States.At the same time ourselves States be strengthened pro-American governments around the world and economically helped their allies.
In addition, the Soviet Union had developed intercontinental ballistic weapons.This could not but cause concern among US.At the same time in 1961, he began to flare second Berlin crisis.Guide West Germany set out to build a wall separating East Germany from West Germany.Such a move has angered Khrushchev and the entire Soviet leadership.
However, the most dangerous moment in the relations between the USSR and the USA became the Cuban missile crisis.After shocking the West Khrushchev's decision to establish in Cuba a nuclear fist, directed against the United States, the world for the first time in history it was in the literal sense of the balance of the destruction.Of course, the United States has provoked a response was Khrushchev.Historical portrait of him, however, is full of such mixed solutions, it fits into the overall demeanor of the first secretary of the Central Committee.The culmination of the events occurred on the night of 27 to 28 October 1962.Both powers were willing to inflict on each other pre-emptive nuclear strike.However, Khrushchev, and then President Kennedy realized that a nuclear war will not leave behind no winners or losers.To the relief of the whole world, the leaders of both prudence prevailed.
At sunset, the Board
Khrushchev, historical portrait is ambiguous, because of life experiences and character traits he aggravated an already extremely tense international situation and sometimes undoing his same achievement.
In the last years of his rule, Khrushchev allowed more mistakes in domestic policy.The life of the population gradually became worse.Because uninformed decisions on store shelves are often not provided not only meat, but white bread.Power Khrushchev and his authority gradually faded and lost power.
in party circles complained of.Accepted Khrushchev chaotic and not always informed decisions and reforms could not but arouse the party leadership fears and irritation.One of the latest drop was the mandatory rotation of party leaders, which took Khrushchev.His biography in this period is marked all the more failures associated with the adoption of unreasoned decisions.Nevertheless, Khrushchev continued to work with admirable enthusiasm and even initiated the adoption of a new Constitution in 1961.
However, the party leadership and the people in general are tired of often chaotic and unpredictable management of the country first secretary of the Central Committee.October 14th, 1964 at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party caused by a sudden release of Khrushchev was removed from all his previous positions.The official document states that the change in the party leadership occurred because of old age Khrushchev and health problems.Then Khrushchev was sent into retirement.
Evaluation of
Despite the fair criticism of historians regarding the internal and external policies of Khrushchev, the oppression of culture and the deterioration of the economic life of the country, Nikita Sergeyevich, you can call it the man who brought her to the great national achievement.Among them is the launch of the first artificial satellite and the first spacewalk of man, and the construction of the world's first nuclear power plant, and not as unambiguous test of the hydrogen bomb.
be understood that significantly intensified the development of science in the country was Khrushchev.Historical portrait of him, despite all the ambiguity and unpredictability of his personality, can be supplemented with a stable and strong desire to improve the lives of ordinary people in the country, to make the Soviet Union a major world power.Among other achievements can be noted and the creation of nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin", which also initiated Khrushchev.Briefly we can say about him as a person, seek to strengthen the country both internally and externally, but at the same time to commit serious mistakes.However, the identity of Khrushchev rightly takes its place on the pedestal of the great Soviet leaders.
