During Soviet times, the majority of boys and girls were perfectly familiar meaning of "Gambit" (as the term "castling", "combination", "time pressure").After all, one of the most popular games in the family circle and in the summer camp, in the yard and in the park was chess that gave the world the term.Unfortunately, with the advent of computers, the Internet and modern gadgets to fashion an intellectual game was held.Forgotten the concept.Recently, however, the word "Gambit", it seems, has found a second birth.The dictionary is its figurative meaning is not specified, but in living speech regularly and widely used.But first things first.
little chess theory
Experts divide any game of chess into 3 parts.The initial stage is familiar to every name "debut."Average - "middle game" (German word that translates so - "the middle of the game").The final party called "endgame" ("end game", as you might guess).In each of the periods of the players are their tasks.Inattention to them can be detrimental to any stage of the game.
basic rules debut
Any chess coach teaches his players that the opening you need to bring your pieces to the initial position, taking the most advantageous position, reliably protect the king and seize control of the central fields of the board.Should develop quickly, without missing a beat, possibly avoiding unnecessary moves of the same figure.It is necessary to prevent the enemy to carry out the same actions.The game is already on the stage debut should be based on a specific plan, a clear pattern.Therefore, only novice players go, "God put per capita."Experienced players are ready variants which are known thousand.There are collections of openings, which are placed in the proven scheme.Gambit - is also a debut, but especially about what below.
Types debuts
debut Each has its own name, the story of creation, and options to continue.The initial stage of the game are generally classified into three groups according to the first turn white and opponent response.
- Open debut begins with the moves: 1. e2-e4 - e7-e5.
- semi-open game occurs if 1. e2-e4 black answer any progress other than 1. ... e7-e5.
- Indoor debut begin any course of white, except for the previously mentioned 1. e2-e4.
Now we can talk about what the word "Gambit."
Terminology
Gambit - is the beginning of the party, in which one of the opponents sacrifices a pawn or figure.Why does he do it?To win the tempo early development, employment figures for its vantage point or imposing severe struggle.Depending on the opponent's actions as sharp debuts divided into 3 groups.Gambit Accepted - is the beginning of the party, in which the opponent has taken the victim.Denied - if he did not take "outstretched" pawn or figure.Finally, the player can donate in response - then talk about kontrgambite.
What does the word "gambit"?
first serious chess tutorial appeared in the XVI century.He was a book released by the Spanish priest Ruy Lopez de Segura "book about the ingenuity of chess" (1561).It is there for the first time the word "Gambit."The origin of the term, most researchers associated with the French gambit, inherited from Italian gambetta - «step», dare il gambetto - «put the bandwagon."
most famous gambits
Royal .One of the oldest openings is described Lopez King's Gambit.His name was given because of the royal sacrificial pawn:
- e2-e4 - e7-e5.2. f2-f4 ...
Until the twentieth century, he was very popular, even conducted special thematic tournaments, which all participants played only this debut.His adored Boris Spassky and Judit Polgar, Robert Fisher and Paul Keres and David Bronstein thought that for the sake of it and want to play a game of chess.Experts are convinced that the King's Gambit - an ideal choice for novice players.In this struggle there is the debut of the first moves.Thus a beginner learns to attack first, and only then to defend.Gambit has many variations may be either accepted or refused.Sometimes black in response to a pawn sacrifice themselves.This option is called kontrgambitom Falkbeera:
- e2-e4 - e7-e5.2. f2-f4 - d7-d5.
Queen's .This debut starts to move, and then the victim of queenside pawns.
- d2-d4 - d7-d5.2. c2-c4 ...
Gambit used for a long time, but it has become particularly popular in the XIX century.Often found in the tournament today.Famous for its aphorisms GM Savely Tartakower called King's Gambit "leap into the abyss," and Queen's - "leap into the ditch."In this debut of black and white can take sacrifice, reject it or propose Albin Countergambit (the latter was called by the names of chess, first used the scheme in a game against Emanuel Lasker in New York in 1883):
- d2-d4 - d7-d5.2. c2-c4 - e7-e5.
summarize
Thus, the gambit in chess - it is the beginning of a beautiful island games in which the player goes to the victim, to get the benefit of another character: a positional advantage, pace, capturing the strategic fields.As a rule, it gives chess pawn, but sometimes it can donate and figure.This is the case in The Gambia Kohrena:
- e2-e4 - e7-e5.2. Kg1-f3 - Kg8-f6.3. Kf3: e5 - d7-d6.4. Ke5: f7 ...
non-chess gambit
What does it mean?The fact that the term in question have long gone beyond the game of chess.Academic dictionaries do not fix figurative meaning of the word, but it exists in a live speech!For example, in 1966 the screens out American movie-robbery "Gambit", and in 2012 - his eponymous remake.English gambit has several meanings, including "victim concession maneuver, the first step."In the Russian language the name was automatically translated as "Gambit", but it did not bother anyone!Chess Gambit perfectly reinterpreted native Russian language.Today, it is understood by (make a reservation, in a lively, informal speech) the victim or the assignments made with certain objectives.Most often, the term sounds in the political arena and in journalism materials.Not always this terminology seems to be successful, however, like mushrooms, grow gambits that are not listed in any of the chess directories: Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean, Syriac, gambits Putin and Yanukovych.The whole world is transformed into a huge party in which no country, no one leader does not want to be a pawn.
How it all began
Many people believe that the word "Gambit" in our daily life introduced by none other than the famous contemporary writer Boris Akunin.In 1998, from his pen comes the second book in the series, dedicated to Erast Fandorin - "Turkish Gambit".This debut in chess does not exist.There are Belgrade, Budapest, Sicilian and the Volga, but no Turkish.And the book is not about the ancient game.However, the name subtly reinterpreted chess term.And that doubt, no one is left - the author put into the mouth of the "negative" hero Anwar Effendi, expanded explanation.He argues that for the triumph of progress and democracy (which connects with the United States and Western Europe), Russia has donated paint, but a weak Turkey.Emperor Alexander took the victim, but the overall result of the party was formed not in his favor.Gambit - a sacrifice that rarely lead to win the enemy, blindly accept it.To win, you need to anticipate all the possible options for development of the situation, to calculate many moves ahead - whether it's chess or geopolitics.
