Next bear.

If you enter the forest in summer day, it seems that it only live birds and insects.In winter, it generally can appear uninhabitable.However, there is something?that gives bestial presence - their paw prints.Next bear and elk, foxes and wolves, hares and mice clearly observers say that these creatures inhabit the forest area.

What is the freshness of the track and how is it determined?

interested observer and hunter, it is important to know when he was left a trace.The animal passed here a few days ago, or perhaps hours?Or is it still running somewhere ahead?This is evidenced by such a thing as the freshness of the track.

If late in the evening or at night has passed snow, the trail of a bear paw, discovered in the morning, will say that he is a night and was not more than a few hours.It should beware, because in the winter can leave their imprints only bear-rod.

Experts offer to determine the freshness of the track to the touch.If the street is cold and dry snow, the first of its borders will not differ from the rest of the surface friability.Over time, the wall track harden.This process depends on the temperature.The stronger the frost, the faster print borders are solid.But this applies only to large animals, for example, if traces of brown bear or wolf.Because small animals left imprints on the surface.And there is not noticeable hardening.

How to determine the direction of movement of the animal?

To do this you need to carefully consider the footprints in the snow.Friendly, fairly large in size, it is easy to determine the largest print.The observer could notice that the walls of it are different.

On the other side, where the track is the back wall will be visible flatter edge.This is due to the fact that an animal puts the hollow limbs, and takes them out substantially vertically from snow.These boundaries even has its own name: dragged and dragged respectively.Dragged always shorter than languishing.That is, the front wall is steeper than the rear.Therefore, the animal moved to where directed dragged.

How do I know the gait of the animal in its wake?

other words, the pace of movement.It is of two kinds.The first is characterized by slow and moderately fast paced movement.It highlighted walk, trot and amble.The second is reduced to a rapid run with consecutive jumps.There are already talking about a gallop and career.

Footprints in the snow animals left at a moderate gallop, are a pair of prints of the hind limbs.This is due to the fact that they are repelled hind legs and put them exactly in the recess from the front.This gait peculiar animal with an elongated body and short legs, for example, marten.If the animal is not in a hurry, it can not convey to the foot prints.Then there are groups of three or four tracks.

There are small animals that can move the bat.It squirrels and hares.Their gait is characterized by its hind legs thrown forward front.And the prints in the snow look the same: the point of the front behind the back of prints.

waves follow bear

These prints are alarming.Especially in winter or early spring, when the animal is hungry.Faced with the bear trail in the snow, you can be relatively quiet until mid-autumn, when it is placed into hibernation.But you can see his footprints and summer loose sand on the shore of a river or other body of water, where he came to fishing.

fact, meet a bear and cause his anger is dangerous.Because it reaches the rate of about two and a half meters, and its weight may be more than three quintals.It is best to get around the beast side.About

track polar bear

Because of the environment his prints are always visible, unless it was for pure ice.Traces of polar bears are not like his dark kin.In his front paw print clearly visible fingertips.In addition, due to the fact that he has less than calluses, trace the outline looks neat.Since the polar bear claws barely bent, they leave subtle marks on the snow.And this despite the fact that the size of the claws is very impressive!

rear paw polar bear leaves a figure like a human foot, wrapped in fur.If the snow is loose, it will be visible from the clutches of the grooves.The fur of the animal leaves the strip in the snow near the trail legs.It is as if the path next to the prints had a broom.

How does print the front paws of the brown bear?

This track has always bear clear imprints cushions all five fingers.Before these spots are clearly visible five deep grooves.They are formed from long, slightly curved claws.They were clearly drawn a mark that looks reminiscent of the kidney.He remains on the carpal crumb.This imprint on the inner side is narrower.Its outer edge wider.

What type of print at the back of the brown bear paws?

This trail bear will always consist of a complete print of the sole of the animal.It is akin to drawing, which turned out if stood barefoot in the snow man with a pronounced flatfoot.But there is one major difference.Toes person decrease from the inner edge to the outer.On the bear's paw are reversed.Finger in the inner part of the foot is the smallest, and the other increases as approaching an outer portion.The claws on its hind legs is much shorter and more curved.But here they are leaving a marked pattern around each finger.

Age bear on his trail

If we talk about the age of the animal, it is possible to determine the size of the tracks.An example is the value of carpal crumb forelimb.Exemplary its values ​​are given in the table.

length of the hind paw print adult bear can reach 31 cm. And his characterization of "clumsy" bear was not accidental.He really puts paws so that the toe is directed inward and the heel outward.

What mark has left the bears?

Also traces on the ground and the snow in the forest, you can see other tags that make these animals.

The first thing is to start, - traces in the feeding areas.For example, in the spring, when hungry bears emerge from their dens, nests are often devastating.Beasts destroy their tops to get to the insects and larvae.In the fall the bears are not averse to eat the fruit from the trees.In place of their feeding is always a lot of broken branches.

Further notable features are the habitat of bears marks on tree trunks.It can be a scratch or refreshment, abrasion or seizure.

abrasion produced by the friction of the crust when the bear standing on its hind legs.Scratch tree withers animal may or neck, back or chest.Zakus does bear stood up on its hind legs and grasping the bark of the teeth.Teaser animal does the same standing on its hind legs.Then pull up the front leg and pulls her down the shaft.As a result, the bottom of the tree appear narrow strips cut bark.

cubs crawling through the trees.However, they embrace the trunk of the front legs.In the cortex are four long oblique deep scratches.The fifth claw in this process is not involved.Scratches are directed downwards and towards the middle.For convenience, the cubs rest on the trunk of the hind legs.This claws dig deep into the crust.

Traces of other animals in the snow

• Wolf .Its traces can be difficult to distinguish from the dog.The main feature is located as the extreme fingers.The next dog they retreat from the heel forward.And at the other end, too, from a distance.If this is the trail of a wolf, the ends of the finger prints of the side a little bit before reaching those in the middle.At the end of their dogs will be almost half the domestic fingers.
• Fox .Externally, its traces are very similar to a dog.But they have a peculiarity: they are stretched into a thin chain.
• Boar .Their cloven hooves and small.If they are left in the snow, the mark will be profound.Because this beast is heavy, and the snow did not stand up.
• Los .It looks like a wild boar, but considerably larger.And the elk move significantly wider.
• Mouse .It leaves a chain of two parallel strips of small tracks.