decree on assemblies, published by Peter 1, was a turning point in the life of the urban population, especially it affected the scope of entertainment.In November 1718 women first gained the right to participate in public meetings.Entrance to the Assembly should be open to all the people who had the opportunity to dress decently not only allowed the servants and peasants.Culture under Peter 1 equated to important business, office and public aspects.
Background
1 Peter believed that not only business should be conducted wisely and entertainment should be arranged as well.Even the emperor sent on vacation reorganization of Russia.He believed that the public interest is more important personal.
king wanted to put the culture of Russia on a par with the European countries.Much influenced by the presence of Peter 1 among foreigners, frequent trips to Europe.In an effort to make Russia look like a modern European state, the emperor introduced new reforms relating to services and leisure activities.But his reforms, known to have been mandatory for all without exception.
What is the Assembly?
"Assembly" - the French word that refers to a variety of activities and events.Firstly, it is entertainment and fun, and secondly, the decision and the discussion of the various business matters, including national importance.In a short time the Assembly under Peter 1 have become a tradition and made history.After his death, they have changed somewhat, but I still enjoyed great popularity in the society.
Prerequisites
Released decree of Peter 1 on the assemblies included a list of requirements:
- notified about the upcoming Assembly must be in writing;
- specify the sex of the guests (may be present or only men, or predstatel both sexes);
- event should begin no earlier than four to five hours;
- need to finish the assembly no later than midnight;
- the owner does not have to meet, to accompany or to regale his guests, his duty is only to provide space for dancing, eating and drinking on the tables, as well as games in which he proposes to play its guests.
By following these rules, everyone can join to the fun.
ratio Church
Culture era Peter 1 require the approval of religious leaders.The Emperor was convinced that without the permission of the church of his decree to the Assembly did not pass.He knew that the people have a sacred fear of the king as a god on earth, but he knew that the fear of hell and the fall of the immortal soul - stronger.Therefore, in order to change the traditional aversion towards the dance, it attracts social events black clergy.According to his decree of the Synod Assembly in 1723 to establish a Moscow monastery.And on December 29 the same year held the first assembly of the Donskoi Monastery Archimandrite.It was arranged for the President of the Synod, Archbishops Moscow monastery, Theodosius Archbishop of Novgorod, officials Synod office, as well as Archbishop Krutitsa Leonid etc. There remained dissatisfied with this action, but most assemblies have had a positive response.
Assembly under Peter 1
According to the custom for this action from furniture freed four large rooms.The first - for dancing, the next - to talk, another one - for men who smoked tobacco, drank wine, and the last - for the game of checkers or chess.If the house is not big enough to make just four rooms, all the action takes place in the same room.However, it was very uncomfortable for many reasons.It was believed that the sound of dancing, conversations, smells of tobacco and alcoholic beverages out of place in the ladies' society.
tradition of
Assembly under Peter 1 given all the court in turn.Sometimes the king to decide who all should be collected in the next time.Day and time of assembly disclosed court spokesmen, about it informs drumming and ads that were hung on every street corner.In his decree of Peter 1 outlined the highlights of the celebrations.Visit the event could all well-dressed people, but not the servants and peasants.Among the guests we met the nobles, the officials, wealthy merchants, clergy, artisans and even the ordinary sailors.Married men necessarily took with them the wives and adult daughters.
Traditionally, the owner of the house could be selected from young girls belle of the ball.After selection, he handed her a living rose.After the event, the queen passed this rose to some gentleman.This meant that the next Assembly should be held in his home.
musical accompaniment
often at such meetings brass band, which consisted of a pipe, oboes, timpani, horns and bassoons.Sometimes they were joined by the violin.Dances taught Russian citizens captured officers from Sweden, or the inhabitants of the German settlement.The process of learning the art of dance is very slow.
Assembly has first to brass music, but in 1721 the Duke of Holstein brought to the capital of a small string orchestra, which immediately became popular with the public.Since then began to appear his musicians, instruments which are specially imported from abroad.All this was very expensive, but the nobles were ready for such spending, as the most agile of the boyars king rewarded.
Dancing
As for dancing, at first it was the usual bows and sit-ups to the music, but later in the Assembly has already started to dance a minuet and polonaise.Movements become smoother and dancing - gracefully.
second half of the event was a fun and mobile included Allemande, country dance and Anglesey which are especially loved by young people.They chose the first couple that was supposed to come up with new steps, and the rest was repeated after her.The first stage of becoming different people, but because this kind of fun could go on for very long.
requirements guests
1 Peter outlined in a decree on the requirements for assemblies of guests, which they were obliged to adhere to in order to have the right to attend such events.The list is as follows:
- guest has to be carefully washed and clean;
- men must necessarily be carefully shaved;
- the Assembly can not load and even more to come drunk;
- need to be neat and richly dressed, but not too much, because it is the privilege of the ladies;
- women are allowed to use cosmetics, but in moderation, as they should be kind, graceful and cheerful;
- can not load, so that the stomach does not interfere with dance in full force;
- sure to be cheerful and sociable, friendly smile and start a conversation with others, can not be closed and remain at a distance;
- come into the house for the first time, familiarize yourself with the arrangement and disposition of the rooms, especially the note to himself locate restrooms;
- allowed plenty of wine to drink, while keeping feet when no longer hold, then you need to consume a drink while sitting, as if asking a lying, that he was not allowed to file;
- someone who does not know his actions, King recommends that rely on friends;
- those who are bathed, you need to be laid separately from the other in order to avoid unpleasant embarrassment;
- Guests who became ill immediately have to go to the bathroom so as not to spoil the rest of the holiday;
- single men or those who were in on the action, without a spouse, were forbidden to look at the ladies;
- not allowed to dismiss his hands while dancing, is severely punished;
- while singing is not recommended to join the fun people who was missing an ear for music;
- recalled that a woman is best to conquer the music and fruity;
- Assembly met on the aristocracy, including the king, were not allowed to be put out and try to be of service, especially in a state of intoxication.
assemblies has been an active participant and Peter 1. The age in which he lived, was characterized by the development of culture, a new trend in music and dance, as well as costumes and fun.
participation in assemblies Peter 1
During their celebrations, or those who visited the king, he was actively involved in all the activities.He walked through the halls from time to time by joining different companies and participating in their conversations.If he was in a good mood, the happier and more talkative he could not be found.The activities of Peter 1 on the assemblies was reduced not only to talk.He loved dancing and was a master of this art, and entertainer.Very often, the Cavaliers could not exactly repeat his motion.What was Peter 1 on the dance floor, we knew all his entourage, and his well-waste movements were rumors even among choreographers.
Opened dancing, usually, the Empress and her husband, the Duke of Holstein or Prince Menshikov.Catherine in this case was a match for her husband.When they danced in a pair, the time to do as many as three circles, while other couples just finishing the first.However, because the Empress danced only with Peter the Great, with the rest of the partners, she led a more casual and preferred to gallop simple step.Anyone present could dance with one of the princesses, and because they did not know the rest.
Eventually Peter Assembly settled down, setting them becoming more relaxed.Gradually, the old nobles ceased to condemn outright the neckline young ladies.A new tradition of kissing women after the dance not handle, and on the lips, very pleased Cavaliers.
Celebrations Peter 1
Assembly under Peter 1 were predominantly the winter form of entertainment.In summer, the king arranged for his triumph in the gardens or on the banks of the Neva.He loved holidays in the open air, his name day celebrated in the summer garden.It also celebrated the day and "full of glory Victoria" or the victory at Poltava.1 Peter valued tradition this day is celebrated the exploits of soldiers.The festival starts in the afternoon, about five o'clock in the evening.By the time a large lawn lined Transfiguration and the Semenov regiment, to bring the king could own wine or beer in wooden bowls.
guests who had been invited, had to get to their destination by water along the Neva River.Further, according to tradition on the banks of the Empress met with his daughters, from her hands guest was supposed to take glass of wine, too, continue the fun going according to plan.
Emperor was partial to a solemn procession, he loved allegorical procession and masquerades, and so arranged them at every opportunity.The most famous among them - five masquerade.It took place in 1722 in Moscow and was timed to coincide with the signing of a peace treaty Nishtatskogo.A couple of days before the start of the celebration the king personally inspected all the costumes of participants.If he do not like something, then he forced to alter outfits.Masks have been a prerequisite.History remembers the case when, during a masquerade in 1724, senators sat without removing the masks from the faces.The activities of Peter 1 in respect of these claims were absurd, but is completely consistent with the spirit of the time.
People gradually included new traditions, learning to dance, my clothes, even a new beginning to do business.Despite the fact that it was incredibly expensive and tedious gradually masquerades spilled over into everyday life and took it a great niche, becoming a habit.
Russia under Peter 1 and blossomed like the European states with their dances, orchestras and balls.
Assembly after the death of the Emperor
After the death of the king of the Assembly and other celebration have changed a lot.They have become an entertainment only for the upper class.Assembly, balls, masquerades were organized only for high society.The lower layers arranged for myself dancing.
Culture under Peter 1 was just as important as official, government affairs.The death of Peter the Great defunct assemblies, 2 Peter later tried to recover them, but he did not work, and in 1728 they completely ceased to exist.However, they have not disappeared completely, but degenerated into balls and gave rise to secular life.
Russia under Peter 1 knew a lot of reforms relating to leisure and entertainment.Some of them have influenced the course of history and survived.
