Memory is a mental process, which consists in securing, maintaining, and then play back the information.Thanks to these operations is provided by the preservation of the human experience.
History Research
first study of memory began in antiquity and were associated with the learning process.In ancient Greece, for example, it used to be considered that the information gets into a person's head in the form of specific material particles, leaving footprints in the soft matter of the brain, like clay or wax.
Subsequently, the author of "hydraulic" model of the nervous system, Descartes formulates the idea that regular use of the same nerve fibers (hollow tubes, according to Descartes) reduces their resistance movement "animal spirits" (by stretching).This, in turn, leads to the formation of memory.
In the 80-ies.19th century H. Ebbinghaus offers its own method of studying the laws of the so-called pure memory.The reception was to memorize nonsense syllables.Eventually became curves memory, as well as certain laws of the mechanisms of association.For example, it has been found to be particularly firmly remembered the events that have made a strong impression on the person.Such information is stored once and permanently.In contrast, less important details for the person (even if they are more complicated in their content) in the memory, typically not stored permanently.Thus, H. Ebbinghaus first applied to the study of memory of the experimental method.
Beginning in the late 19th century and then the process of memory trying to interpret by analogy with the operation of such mechanical devices, such as mobile phone, tape recorder, electronic computer, and others. If we draw an analogy with modern technology, there is the case classificationcomputer memory.
In modern scientific school in the analysis of the mechanisms memory used biological analogies.For example, some types of memory attributed to the molecular basis of: the process of capturing information accompanied by an increase in the content of brain neurons nucleic acids.
Classification memory
Psychology is based on the following criteria in the selection kinds of memory:
1. The nature of the prevailing mental activity:
- motor,
- shaped,
- emotional,
- verbal and logical.
2. The nature of performance objectives:
- arbitrary,
- involuntary.
3. The duration of fixing / containments:
- short,
- long-term,
- operational.
4. Using mnemotechnical funds:
- immediate,
- mediated.
nature of prevailing in the activities of mental activity
Despite the fact that all kinds of memory matching these criteria do not exist in isolation and interact closely with each other, Blonsky revealed a certain specificity of each species:
- Motor (motor) memory.Classification of memory in this case is directed to the predominance of one or other movements.For example, this kind is fundamental in the formation of practical skills and motor activity (walking, jogging, letter, etc.).Otherwise, the implementation of a motor act, we would have to learn each time it again.This definition of sustainability exists as part of these skills (for example, each of us has his own style, manner to shake hands in greeting, the manner of using cutlery, etc.) and variability (a certain deviation movements depending on the situation).
- Figurative memory.Classification of memory focused on memorizing terms of leading modalities (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile).The information perceived by man before, after the formation of image memory is reproduced in the form of representations.The specific properties of representations is their fragmentation, as well as the vagueness and instability.Accordingly, the reproduced image in the memory can greatly differ from the original.
- emotional memory.It manifested in the process of remembering and reproducing emotions.It is extremely important in the mental activity of the individual, because the emotions are primarily state signal the needs and interests of our relations with the world around us.The feelings experienced by us in the past and fixed in the memory, then for us to act as motivators / antipobuditeley to those or other actions.At the same time, as in the previous form, reproduced in the memory of feelings may differ materially from its original original (depending on the change of the nature, content and force a certain experience).
- verbal and logical memory.Aimed at remembering individual thoughts (thinking about reading the book, the content of a conversation with your friends, and others.).At the same time, the functioning of thought is impossible without the participation of linguistic forms - hence the name: verbal-logical memory.Classification of memory thus includes two subspecies: when you need to remember only the meaning accurate reproduction of material without accompanying verbal expressions;when it is necessary as a literal verbal expression of certain thoughts.
nature of the objectives of the
- Arbitrary memory.Accompanied by the active participation of the will in the process of memorizing, consolidation and reproduction of certain information.
- involuntary memory.The flow of the basic mechanisms of memory passes without willpower, automatically.At the same time the power of remembering involuntary memory can be both weak and, on the other hand, stable arbitrary.
duration of fixing / containments
Basic classification of memory, as a rule, always include a time criterion.
- Short-term memory.It saves the information after the termination of its perception (Sensory organs appropriate incentives) for about 25-30 seconds.
- volatile memory.Is the dominant memory for the individual, is designed to store information for a long period.Furthermore, this information is repeatedly used by man.
- RAM.Aimed at keeping specific information within the solution corresponding to the current task.Actually, this problem and determine the specificity of RAM in a given situation.Classification of memory is also associated with a temporary measure.Depending on the problem to be solved in the time information storage memory may vary from a few seconds to several days.
use mnemotechnical funds
- immediate memory.Classification of memory in this case is carried out in terms of the presence / absence of certain auxiliary devices, means.In a direct form of remembering the process of the direct impact of the perceived material senses of the individual.
- mediated memory.It implemented using individual special tools and techniques in the process of remembering and reproducing the material.
Thus, between the information itself and its imprint in the memory uses an additional link.As such units may make a special mark, nodules, cribs, etc.
