mankind masters space manned spacecraft for more than half a century.Alas, during which time it is, so to speak, close uplylo.If we compare the universe to the ocean, we are just wandering around at the edge of the surf ankle-deep in water.One day, however, decided to swim a bit deeper (moon program "Apollo"), and has since been living memories of the event as the highest achievement.
still spaceships mainly serve to transport the orbital delivery station and back to Earth.The maximum duration of the autonomous flight, attainable reusable shuttle "Space Shuttle", is only 30 days, and then only in theory.But perhaps the spaceships of the future will be much better and more versatile?
Already lunar expedition "Apollo" demonstrated that the requirements for future spacecraft can be strikingly different from the tasks for "space taxi".Moon cabin of "Apollo" had very little to do with sleek ships and was not designed for flight in planetary atmospheres.Some idea of how will look like spaceships of the future picture of American astronauts give more than evident.
most serious factor that hinders human episodic study of the solar system, not to mention the organization on the planets and their satellites scientific bases - radiation.Problems arise even with lunar missions lasting from strength week.A year and a half flight to Mars, which seemed about to take place, is moved farther and farther away.Studies have shown a deadly assault rifles for human radiation levels on the whole route of interplanetary flight.So spaceships of the future will inevitably acquire a serious radiation protection combined with special medical and biological measures for the crew.
clear that the sooner he gets to the destination, the better.But for a quick flight need powerful engines.And for them, in turn, highly efficient fuel, which would not be doing a lot of space.Therefore, the chemical boosters in the near future will give way to nuclear.If the scientists succeed in taming antimatter, t. E. Transfer weight into light, space ships of the future will find photonic engines.In this case it will have on the achievement of relativistic velocities and interstellar expeditions.
Another serious obstacle to human exploration of the universe will ensure its long life.In just one day the human body consumes a lot of oxygen, water and food, highlights solid and liquid waste, exhales carbon dioxide.Take on board the full supply of oxygen and food is meaningless because of their enormous weight.It solves the problem onboard a closed life-support system.However, so far all experiments on this topic have failed.Without a closed LSS unthinkable years flying through space spaceships of the future;Pictures of artists, of course, the imagination, but do not reflect the real situation.
So all projects spaceships and starships are still far from realized.And humanity will have to put up with the study of the universe astronauts undercover Earth's magnetic field and receiving information from the robotic probes.But this, of course, temporary.Space does not stand still, and indirect signs indicate that in this area of human activity is brewing a major breakthrough.So, perhaps, the spacecraft of the future will be built and will make the first flights already in the XXI century.
