unification of Germany in 1990 marked the resolution of the German question.It was discovered from the time of World War II, when the victorious countries have not reached a consensus of views on the future of their former occupation zones of the aggressor.The reason for this inadequate situation realities of the time served as the opposition of the Soviet Union and the West.The German question has always spawned bursts of international tension.
Obviously, in the unification of Germany much political will the presidents of the USSR and the United States, Mikhail Gorbachev and George Bush senior.Without the will of the two superpowers fundamental political issue could not be resolved.However, leaders of the largest guarantor countries only consider proposals integration options.It should be noted that a special honor - to be awarded the symbolic title of architect of a united Germany, presents a new most powerful economy in Europe, it belongs to the German policy of Helmut Kohl.Briefly tell about it.
Chancellor: "German unification»
This is a unique person.He survived four eras: II World War, the revival of the German economy, its dynamic development, and, finally, at the turn of the XX century has made a significant contribution as a politician in the unification of Germany (1990).Chancellor at the level of education obtained by the tragedy feel defeated and divided the country and believed in its future unification.However, not even hoping that the integrating process will be started so dynamically.At least, in his earlier statements, he believed that this event will not happen in his lifetime.
Kohl as the pro-German politician was creative and principled.His confrontation with Margaret Thatcher, who tried to delay the process as much as possible, making him the honor.
Germans remember him as the "chancellor of German unity."That the federal government has become the headquarters of the association, and Kohl will soon become the first chancellor of a united Germany.This article aims to highlight the unification of Germany as a process, paying attention to its dynamics and basic steps.
GDR authorities: political bankruptcy
undemocratic society, inefficiencies in manual mode led economy of the GDR sample 90-ies of the last century have been the subject of many critics of historiography.Because of economic factors often referred to the budget deficit of the GDR, as well as the growth of external debt.However, an even greater extent the existence of the GDR as a state was deemed rigidity of its political system.Leader of the German Communist Party Erich Honecker today ironically called "Iron Erich".
He preached unity of command was impenetrable for the new.The ideals of communism, it exceeded the expectations of the Germans.Therefore, the first result of raising the people's movement in the GDR was his removal from power of 17.10.1989
However, in view of the public sentiment of the GDR, even stabilization reasonable steps proposed by his successor, Egon Krenz, has proved ineffective.
BACKGROUND association
years of the German Democratic Republic were numbered.It is clear that the unification of Germany could not be obsolete by the principles of the state structure of the GDR.This is manifested in:
- lagging transformation of the political system from the requirements of the market, compared to the Soviet model (Gorbachev, perestroika), Polish (multi-party);
- actual formation of 12.09.2009, the unrecognized opposition - the Movement "Democracy Today";
- ignoring the main demands of the opposition - a national dialogue;
- attempting a military solution to the refugee problem, using tourist visas to West Germany via Hungary and Austria (GDR citizens appealed to the German Embassy for political asylum and received such);
- ignoring the will of the people by brute rigging of municipal elections held in May 1989
fundamentally new Greater Germany
should be noted that in the chronicles of the prerequisites covered much better than reason.The unification of Germany in 1990 was held at the will of the German people, who continued to feel united and in Germany and the German Democratic Republic.We, of course, do not take into account the remarks of certain radical politicians (then, they are the policy).We are not interested in statistics focuses on the differences between the economies of East and West Germany, and the more "research" of journalists on the subject.Clarification on this issue, we present in the conclusion of the article.
Home - Other: association want almost all Germans.This process is constrained by caution victorious countries.After all, everyone understood in Europe will be a new leader of the country.Fortunately, the fears proved unnecessary: the new Germany at the turn of the XXI century leadership chosen the path of European integration, not confrontation.
What the Germans think about the merger?
In the press of that time numerous articles highlight the unification of Germany in 1990, interviewing a lot of people.Analyzing the interviews with the Germans themselves about their attitude to their new state, it can be concluded that the majority they have in a special way to call my country.And her name, sounding in these interviews do not necessarily represent the official, inherited from the FRG.
Ordinary people, not saying a word, it was called none other than the Great Germany.However, in their words was not felt any pride or aggression.They (it felt) said tersely, but from the soul, and these words to hear the will to unity and to the long-suffering people of the world that has passed a lot of tests.These people were ready to work, and live in a united country.
Dynamics unification process
course, the destruction of the Berlin Wall, which served as a logical continuation of the cancellation, the GDR authorities 11.09.1989 ban on visits to West Berlin, has become a symbol of catalyzing the reunification of Germany (1990).
short, this building symbolized the division of the Germans.They are on 8/13/1961, it was on the perimeter of 165 km fenced off area of the socialist German Democratic Republic (konstitutsionalizirovannoy Soviet occupation zone) from West Berlin.
Thus socialist rulers blocked the flow of people who dream of living in a market society, in fact lucky, caught "on the other side of the Iron Curtain" to the construction of the wall, had accumulated a lot - about 2 million. People.
Many historians believe the modern era Rubicon even the unification of Germany in 1990, and the destruction of the walls.
She inspired terror peaceful people.As GDR citizens seeking to get into the "decaying world of West Berlin" and willfully attempting to overcome this 5-foot fence with barbed wire on top and watchtowers along the perimeter gunners opened fire.This writing is sad, but the history of this building overshadowed by the deaths of civilians in 1065.
Is it any wonder that the people over the heads of which were four decades submachine thus expressed their desire for freedom?
ratio of the guarantor countries for the integration of the German states
Britain and France formally understand the inevitability of German integration, to put it mildly, not particularly accelerated the unification of Germany (1990).The country's position came down to postpone the process.
For example, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher offered initially to take place in the GDR long-term market-based reforms."Iron Lady" has repeatedly stressed that "German unification is not yet on the agenda."French President Francois Mitterrand was less categorical, although it would be more arranged to interact with the Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic, as it has done with Austria (with another German state).
for fear of these leaders had some foundation.After recovering power that at the beginning and middle of the XX century was the initiator of the two world wars, has begun in Europe.
What are they afraid of?As once wrote Karl Marx, Germany - "a predator who wants to repartition the world of spheres of influence in their favor."However, Chancellor Helmut Kohl eventually managed to convince the neighbors of peace and constructive prohelsinskoy common European position of the new German state.
the United States from the beginning saw that after the unification of Germany in 1990 will become the new center of EU association.This country unconditionally performed a reliable strategic ally of the German integration.The Soviet Union, in turn, did not create any problems for the dream of the German people.
process of combining
Normative positions on the unification of Germany were previously developed and approved at the signing of the Treaty, governing the final settlement of the German question.
The agreement was signed by the formula "4 + 2": West Germany, East Germany, USA, USSR, UK, France.Of course, the signing took place on 31.08.1990 in Berlin palace "Unter den Linden".The atmosphere of this event showed that the most important event in the life of Europe at the end of the XX century was the unification of Germany (1990).
Photos of Heads of State, as well as those present at the event, indicate that the walls of the castle, "made history."Of course, the leading motive was the integration of national unity.It was a precedent connections within a single state of two different economies and social systems of the state.
On unification treaty
Pre from German states put the signature on the contract Interior Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble West Germany and the Secretary of State of the GDR parliament Guenther Krause.The Treaty itself is to implement the provisions of Article XXIII of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany by joining the GDR to the FRG.
12.09.1990, in Moscow, the foreign ministers of the guarantor countries signed the Treaty finally settle this process.
As a result, according to the agreement, at 0 hours 00 minutes of 10.14.1990, in the Federal Republic of Germany entered the German historical land: the territory of East Berlin, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg.
unification of Germany on the background of other events of 1990
curious thing - history.Her analysis often yields interesting results.
long period of separation and pereosoznaniya paradigm states Germans needed before plans become a reality.What we will get an answer if you ask (meaning not the chronological aspect and civilizational): "The unification of Germany (1990) took place when?»
In the year when the Soviet Union became the ruler of the first (and last) president when the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic declared warAzerbayzhanskoy SSR, when Yugoslavia was established multiparty governance, when Poland was disbanded Communist Party (PZPR).If Western Europe were integrating processes in the East - differentiating.
time accelerated.Begin the process of self-healing of the human civilization, "recover" nationalism and communism.And it is remarkable that they started in Europe.Who would have thought, for example, that in the XXI century German foreign policy would be a stabilizing factor for peace in Europe?
Yet historians call the European Rubicon is the unification of Germany (1990).The consequences of this event - the ideological: the previously politically amorphous Europeans finally began to associate themselves with a certain community.
Conclusion We have considered the unification of Germany in 1990, studied as an interview with the Germans themselves, as well as translations of the German press.Unfortunately, domestic sources of this information - biased.Traced an attempt to diminish the role of the association.
example, sticks out the subsequent closing of the GDR-ovskogo leading electronics companies "Robotron" (made, in particular, the first PC).At the same time it hides the fact that his unit were purchased by company "Siemens", which is to equip them with the newest technologies, on the order lifted their competitiveness in the world.
tendentious hushed up and come to East Germany's leading international companies, and the creation of new market structures (for example, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange).Artificially created the impression that life in the GDR ended with the entry of the country in Germany that people are depressed and pine for socialism.
reality, - a serious restructuring of the entire industry of the GDR led to the reunification of Germany (1990).BRIEF its content instead of chemical, textile, metallurgy, working for the countries of the socialist camp, began to develop precision mechanics (it is well known that the Germans - the best engineers in the world), the construction industry, optics, automotive, food industry.The process was organized by the German firmly and clearly.Reduces workers pay benefits, they retrained for new professions.People are coming up to retirement age, still get a pension.
concluding summary of this article, we express our conviction that the unification of Germany in 1990, and its political consequences are still not thoroughly studied and analyzed.
