For centuries, gradually disappeared and there were various philosophical trends.Some of them are consistent with the spirit of his time, others in many ways ahead of him.One of them was maintained, and even implanted state, and the second would be prohibited.There are many cases when prominent thinkers began the persecution, their books publicly burned at the stake as blasphemous.One of the most powerful movements of 17-18 centuries was the Enlightenment.Originating in England, it quickly spread throughout Europe.
The main features of the Enlightenment
Education - a way to fight waged by the representatives of the bourgeoisie and the cultural and political system of the state.Revolutionary-minded sections of society were ardent opponents of the existing feudal-absolutist system.You can also give another term.Enlightenment - is the direction of the cultural and philosophical thought associated with the assertion of capitalist relations.It is a logical step in the development of any state, rolling from the old to the foundations of a completely new, industrialisticheskim.The main features of the Enlightenment are:
- democracy, which enhances education in all sectors of the population;
- rationalism, providing a deep faith in the limitless possibilities of the human mind.The main promoter of these ideas became Kant;
- legal education.It included the dissemination of knowledge about the inalienable rights and freedoms of all people.
time of the Enlightenment in Europe
The era when the first place came rationalism and free thought, was one of the key in the formation of modern civilization.Education - a direction that appeared under the influence of the scientific revolution in England.Very quickly, innovative ideas spread across Europe, entering France, and later in Russia.Thus, the English Enlightenment was the progenitor of a powerful movement, in many ways changed the outlook of the people.The most influential were the representatives of the Enlightenment in France.This country is famous for its outstanding philosophers who created the voluminous treatises.Under the influence of the fundamental principles of the Enlightenment was written in the US Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
beginning of the movement could not but affect the ethics and different spheres of social life.In the US, the Enlightenment provoked the abolition of slavery and obtaining independence colonial lands.Besides greatly hesitated authority of the aristocracy, as well as to reduce the influence of the Church on social life.Previously it was virtually absolute.
culture education itself did not constitute a specific school of philosophy.Very often, the views of various thinkers and their followers were significantly different, and even conflicting.United by their criticism prevailing traditional values, moral, ethical and political views.
With regard to the time limits of the Enlightenment, the historians can not come to one opinion.Some believe that the movement began in the late 19th century, while others believe that it was the middle of the 18th century.The end of this period is usually associated with the death of Voltaire, as well as the beginning of the Napoleonic wars.There is another opinion: the apogee of Enlightenment became the Glorious Revolution in England and the French Revolution.
Education in the Petrine era
eighteenth century entered the history of Russia as a time of extraordinary contrasts, affecting all spheres of life.I saw the rise of science and education.There was secularization of temple architecture, established cultural relations with other nations, to overcome national isolation.For the first time any museums, assembly, regular publications, the official secular schools.
Russian Enlightenment - is an attempt by all means to copy the European way of life.The merchants, clergy strongly opposed innovations and reluctantly went toward the aristocracy.
Enlightenment in the 18th century
lot of attention to education, culture and the arts was given during the reign of Catherine II.The Empress bought the collection of paintings and sculptures, communicated with prominent figures, including those who came from other countries.Example Catherine II followed her close.They organized exhibitions on their estates, to join the beautiful and enlightening.
Much attention was paid in this period Cadet School, institutes and schools.The main merit of the empress included the creation of a unified education system in which there was no division into classes.The only exceptions are the serfs.
officials for the first time before the question of the development of education, not only technical and natural.
Russian education in law
Issues related to the study and teaching of the foundations of law emerged in Russia in the late 17th century.They were caused by the steady enlightened absolutism and the creation of a unified educational system.Even in 1682 King Theodore A. urged to study the legacy of both spiritual and legal.But these initiatives have not come true.The level of legal literacy in the country remained very low.
first real educators in Russia can rightfully be called the Peter I and Catherine II.It is their efforts created the first prerequisites for the formation of the modern legal system in our country.Peter I ordered the establishment to write regulations and summoned Russia's first commission to write a new Code and the Russian translation of foreign legal treatises.Catherine II continued activities predecessor.She is actively involved in the work of prominent lawyers, philosophers and politicians.
It is with the reign of Peter I, historians connect the beginning of the existence of legal education that resulted in legal education.Many thinkers of the European countries came to Russia to see firsthand the innovations in the field of legislation.Adam Smith, one of the founders of such direction, as the British Enlightenment, was struck by the unprecedented pace of development of the law under the direction of Peter I. In the future, this area has received increasing attention.
historical significance of the Enlightenment
Every philosophical direction becomes a very important milestone in the development of civilization.Enlightenment affected all aspects of social and spiritual life of Europe, the US and Russia.It was thanks to him that there was a separation of the church from secular society, all sectors of the population were able to learn, and national boundaries were broken.
