Association, entrenched in the political arena, is an important factor in the development of society.The functions of a political party are due to its role in society.And their number is directly influenced by the level of economic, cultural and social maturity.World
parties is very diverse and unstable.Some stay long on the political horizon, others quickly extinguished.Rows one constantly replenished, while others include only a few thousand members.The ambiguous history of political parties, their understanding of the nature of science led theorists to systematize the phenomenon.Deep penetration into the essence of the matter has revealed the most typical signs of them and create a typology.Classification of political parties there is not one.Their diversity depends on what criterion is the basis.
Thus, the classification of political parties may rely on their functions, working methods, social base, ideology, and so on. D.
most productive and widely recognized was the systematization of Duverger.He created a binary classification of political parties.It was based on the organization of life within the party on the difference in their structure.So, based on structural characteristics, it has identified the following associations:
1. Personnel party.Originate even in the period of origin of democracy when the right to vote was not available to all.They expressed the interests of the bourgeoisie, and only sought to unite as much as possible of the political elites, rather than increase their ranks by the number of members of the faction.According to the territorial principle of the party cadre appoint committees.Each committee has a permanent group of activists who have experience working with the public.Their main role - campaigning and its organization.They are engaged in the selection of candidates for the elections.Interconnected committees typically unrelated.The parties of this type there is no registration, membership system, the systematic payment of membership fees.This fact allowed Duverger call them human.That these are mostly conservative and liberal European unification.
2. mass party.They come with a resolution of all citizens to participate in elections.The main focus of these parties - the education of the masses, the formation of her among the elite.They may be organized on a territorial basis, and on production.Mass party, unlike the human, always open for new members who are interested in their appearance.This is due to the existence of such organizations by regular contributions from their members.The need to engage in money matters has led to the fact that within this association appeared uneasy hierarchy.In order to strengthen the unity of the organization introduced the party system.
Mass association, moreover, still divided into three types:
- Communist;
- socialist;
- fascist.
Mass and personnel parties comply with the left ("proletarian") and right ("bourgeois").The fascist organizations are an exception, as, being a mass, they have the right slope.
also divide the massive and staffing corresponds to the division into the party with a weak and a strong organization.Staff associations are decentralized.This allows you to take them to the poorly organized groups.They are the central authorities are not authority for independent committees.
in the mass associations there is a strong organization and centralized.
progressively and at the same time the constant social changes in developed countries led to the fact that the classification of political parties, proposed by Duverger, not just improved, supplemented and corrected.Still, the main division of the ideology and objectives remain the same.
